¡Nuevo!
Esta revisión debería citarse como: Richter B, Bandeira-Echtler E, Bergerhoff K, Lerch CL. Inhibidores de la dipeptidil peptidasa-4 (DPP-4) para la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2008 Número 4. Oxford: Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com. (Traducida de The Cochrane Library, 2008 Issue 3. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.).
Antecedentes En la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hay una pérdida progresiva de la función de las células beta. Un nuevo enfoque con resultados alentadores es el uso de inhibidores orales activos de la dipeptidil peptidasa-4 (DPP-4) como sitagliptina y vildagliptina. Objetivos Evaluar los efectos de los inhibidores de la dipeptidil peptidasa-4 (DPP-4) para la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Estrategia de búsqueda Los estudios se obtuvieron mediante búsquedas electrónicas en MEDLINE, EMBASE y The Cochrane Library. Criterios de selección Se incluyeron los estudios que eran ensayos controlados aleatorios en adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y con una duración del ensayo de al menos 12 semanas. Recopilación y análisis de datos Dos autores evaluaron de forma independiente el riesgo de sesgo y extrajeron los datos. La combinación de estudios se realizó por medio de un metanálisis de efectos fijos. Resultados principales Se identificaron 25 estudios de calidad satisfactoria, 11 ensayos evaluaron el tratamiento con sitagliptina y 14 ensayos con vildagliptina. En total, se asignó al azar a 6743 pacientes en los estudios de sitagliptina y 6121 pacientes en los estudios de vildagliptina, respectivamente. Los estudios de sitagliptina y vildagliptina duraron de 12 a 52 semanas. No se publicaron datos sobre la mortalidad, las complicaciones diabéticas, los costos del tratamiento y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. La comparación del tratamiento con sitagliptina y vildagliptina con el placebo produjo una reducción de la hemoglobina glucosilada de aproximadamente el 0,7% y el 0,6% respectivamente. Los datos sobre las comparaciones con comparadores activos fueron limitados, pero no indicaron una mejoría del control metabólico después de la intervención con DPP-4, a diferencia de otros agentes hipoglucemiantes. El tratamiento con sitagliptina y vildagliptina no produjo un aumento de peso, sino que la pérdida de peso fue más pronunciada después de las intervenciones con placebo. No es posible sacar conclusiones definitivas a partir de los datos publicados sobre los efectos de la sitagliptina y la vildagliptina sobre las mediciones de la función de las células beta. En términos generales, la sitagliptina y la vildagliptina fueron bien toleradas; no se informó hipoglucemia grave en los pacientes que tomaban sitagliptina o vildagliptina. Las infecciones por todas las causas aumentaron significativamente después del tratamiento con sitagliptina, pero no alcanzaron significación estadística después del tratamiento con vildagliptina. Todos los ensayos controlados aleatorios publicados de al menos 12 semanas de tratamiento con sitagliptina y vildagliptina sólo informaron mediciones de seguridad de laboratorio habituales Conclusiones de los autores Los inhibidores de DPP-4 poseen algunas ventajas teóricas sobre los tratamientos existentes con compuestos antidiabéticos orales, pero actualmente deben restringirse a pacientes individuales. Se necesitan con urgencia datos a largo plazo, especialmente sobre los resultados cardiovasculares y la seguridad, antes del uso generalizado de estos agentes nuevos. Se necesita más información sobre la relación riesgo-beneficio del tratamiento con inhibidores de DPP-4, que analice especialmente los efectos adversos sobre los parámetros de la función inmunitaria. Además, se necesitan datos a largo plazo que investiguen los parámetros orientados a los pacientes, como la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, las complicaciones diabéticas y la mortalidad por todas las causas. Esta revisión debería citarse como: Richter B, Bandeira-Echtler E, Bergerhoff K, Lerch CL Inhibidores de la dipeptidil peptidasa-4 (DPP-4) para la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2008 Número 4. Oxford: Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com. (Traducida de The Cochrane Library, 2008 Issue 3. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.).
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| RESUMEN EN TÉRMINOS SENCILLOS |
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Inhibidores de la dipeptidil peptidasa-4 (DPP-4) para la diabetes mellitus tipo 2
Los inhibidores de la dipeptidil peptidasa 4 (DPP-4) como sitagliptina y vildagliptina son nuevos medicamentos prometedores para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Se supone que mejoran el control metabólico (según se midió la disminución de la glucemia) sin provocar hipoglucemia grave (disminución del nivel de azúcar en sangre que produce pérdida de la conciencia y otros síntomas).
En total, 12 864 personas participaron en 25 estudios que investigaban los nuevos compuestos de sitagliptina y vildagliptina. La mayoría de los estudios duraron 24 semanas y los ensayos más largos evaluaron 52 semanas de tratamiento. Hasta ahora, los estudios no informaron parámetros orientados a los pacientes como la mortalidad, las complicaciones diabéticas, los costos del tratamiento y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Comparados con el placebo, los tratamientos con sitagliptina y vildagliptina mejoraban el control metabólico. La comparación con otros fármacos ya establecidos que disminuyen la glucemia no reveló ventajas del tratamiento con DPP-4. No se observó aumento de peso después del tratamiento con sitagliptina y vildagliptina. En términos generales, la sitagliptina y la vildagliptina fueron bien toleradas; no se informó hipoglucemia grave en los pacientes que tomaban sitagliptina o vildagliptina. Sin embargo, las infecciones por todas las causas aumentaron significativamente después del tratamiento con sitagliptina, pero no lograron significación estadística después del tratamiento con vildagliptina. Lamentablemente, todos los ensayos controlados aleatorios publicados de al menos 12 semanas de tratamiento con sitagliptina y vildagliptina sólo informaron mediciones de seguridad de laboratorio habituales. Dado que los nuevos inhibidores de DPP-4 pueden influir en la función inmunitaria, se necesitan datos a largo plazo sobre la inocuidad de estos fármacos. Además, no deberían aumentar los resultados cardiovasculares como ataques cardíacos y accidentes cerebrovasculares con cualquier tratamiento para la diabetes, sin embargo, no hay datos suficientes hasta el presente. Hasta que se disponga de información nueva, los inhibidores de DPP-4 sólo se deben usar en condiciones controladas y en pacientes individuales.
Descripción de la enfermedad
La diabetes mellitus es un trastorno metabólico que se origina de un defecto en la secreción de insulina, la acción de la insulina o ambas. Una consecuencia de esta enfermedad es la hiperglucemia crónica (es decir, un aumento del nivel de glucosa plasmática) con trastornos del metabolismo de carbohidratos, grasas y proteínas. Entre las complicaciones a largo plazo de la diabetes mellitus se encuentran la retinopatía, la nefropatía y la neuropatía. El riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares es mayor. Para obtener un resumen detallado de la diabetes mellitus, ver la información sobre el Grupo Cochrane de Trastornos Metabólicos y Endocrinos (Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) en The Cochrane Library debajo de "Información adicional" (ver "Sobre la Colaboración Cochrane", " Grupos Colaboradores de Revisión" [Collaborative Review Groups]). Para obtener una explicación de los términos metodológicos, ver el glosario principal de The Cochrane Library.
Existen dos tipos principales de diabetes mellitus, tipo 1 (llamada anteriormente diabetes mellitus insulinodependiente) y tipo 2 (antes diabetes mellitus no insulinodependiente):
Diabetes mellitus tipo 1
La diabetes tipo 1 es una enfermedad crónica que se caracteriza por la hiperglucemia debida a una deficiencia absoluta de la secreción de insulina, causada por la destrucción autoinmunitaria de las células beta pancreáticas. Las pruebas de autoinmunidad son proporcionadas por la aparición de autoanticuerpos antes de la aparición de la enfermedad clínica. El cuadro clínico varía de síntomas inespecíficos leves o ausencia de síntomas hasta el coma. Aunque la diabetes tipo 1 se desarrolla generalmente antes de los 30 años de edad, puede aparecer a cualquier edad. En su aparición, la mayoría de los pacientes son delgados y han experimentado pérdida de peso, poliuria, polidipsia, fatiga y cetoacidosis diabética.
Diabetes mellitus tipo 2
En la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, las acciones y la secreción de insulina se encuentran deterioradas, en contraposición con la deficiencia absoluta de insulina que existe con la diabetes mellitus tipo 1. La diabetes tipo 2 se caracteriza por dos principales defectos fisiopatológicos: (1) resistencia a la insulina, que genera una mayor producción de glucosa hepática y una disminución de la eliminación de glucosa periférica, (2) deficiencia de la función secretoria de las células ß (Kahn 1997). La resistencia a la insulina es una respuesta biológica deficiente a los efectos de la insulina exógena o endógena. La resistencia a la insulina en los tejidos hepáticos y periféricos, en particular en el músculo esquelético, ocasiona una producción no restringida de glucosa hepática y una disminución en la captación y utilización de la glucosa periférica estimulada por la insulina (DeFronzo 1992). La secreción de insulina por medio de las células beta pancreáticas inicialmente es suficiente para compensar la resistencia a la insulina, de modo que los niveles de glucemia se mantienen normales. La hiperinsulinemia, que acompaña a la resistencia a la insulina, puede mantener el metabolismo de glucosa en un nivel suficientemente normal, siempre y cuando se conserve la función de las células beta pancreáticas. Sin embargo, en los pacientes que pueden desarrollar diabetes tipo 2, con el paso del tiempo sucede un fallo en la secreción de insulina, lo que produce hiperglucemia y diabetes clínica (Warram 1990). Los individuos con diabetes tipo 2 pueden presentar pocos o ausencia de síntomas clínicos clásicos (ver información citada anteriormente) de hiperglucemia (Ruige 1997). La dificultad para mantener el control metabólico, por ejemplo, medido por la hemoglobina A1c (HbA1c) en el transcurso del tiempo, puede estar relacionada con varios factores conductuales (por ejemplo, dificultades con una alimentación sana, ejercicio, regímenes de medicación), pero principalmente refleja la subyacente disminución progresiva en la función de las células beta (UKPDS-16 1995).
La diabetes tipo 2 se ha tratado de forma tradicional por etapas, comenzando con modificaciones en el estilo de vida (Armour 2004; Gimenez-Perez 2001; Moore 2005), el ejercicio (Thomas 2001) y más adelante, tratamiento farmacológico con agentes orales. Hay diversas clases de agentes orales disponibles para el uso clínico. Estos agentes incluyen principalmente los secretagogos de insulina, los fármacos que retardan la absorción de los carbohidratos en el tubo digestivo y los sensibilizadores de insulina. Con el transcurso del tiempo, muchos pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 requerirán un tratamiento con insulina (Burt 2005; Misso 2005; Richter 2005; Roberts 2005; Royle 2003; Siebenhofer 2004).
Secretagogos de insulina: En la actualidad, las sulfonilureas principalmente utilizadas son glibenclamida (gliburida), glipizida, clorpropamida, tolbutamida y glimepirida. Estos fármacos estimulan la secreción de insulina de las células beta pancreáticas al unirse a un receptor de sulfonilurea. Los secretagogos de insulina no sulfonilurea de acción corta son la repaglinida y la nateglinida (Black 2003). Son agentes más nuevos que también estimulan la secreción de insulina al unirse al receptor de sulfonilurea.
Inhibidores de la alfaglucosidasa: La acarbosa y el miglitol son inhibidores de la alfaglucosidasa. Estos fármacos enlentecen la absorción de carbohidratos y reducen especialmente el aumento de la glucemia posprandial. No disminuyen significativamente la glucemia en ayunas, pero causan una reducción moderada de la HbA1c (Van de Laar 2005).
Sensibilizadores de insulina: La metformina pertenece a la clase de biguanidas (Saenz 2005; Salpeter 2003). Podría aumentar la sensibilidad a la insulina en el hígado, al inhibir la gluconeogénesis hepática y, por lo tanto, reducir la producción de glucosa hepática. La metformina también parece aumentar la sensibilidad a la insulina periférica, al mejorar la captación de glucosa en el músculo. Las tiazolidinedionas están constituidas por la rosiglitazona y la pioglitazona. Estas sustancias disminuyen la resistencia a la insulina en los tejidos musculares y adiposos, al activar el receptor gamma activado por proliferadores peroxisomales (PPAR-g) que incrementa la producción de proteínas implicadas en la captación de glucosa. También reducen la producción de glucosa hepática al mejorar la sensibilidad hepática a la insulina.
Descripción de la intervención y forma en que debería funcionar la intervención
La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 se puede tratar con medios no farmacológicos (dieta y ejercicios) y farmacológicos. La insulina, como hormona natural del cuerpo, puede administrarse como insulina animal (principalmente carne de cerdo o carne vacuna) (Richter 2005), insulina "humana" genéticamente elaborada o como "análogos" de la insulina con una estructura molecular modificada en comparación con la insulina humana (Roberts 2005; Siebenhofer 2004). En la actualidad, la insulina se administra a las personas diabéticas de diversas maneras: Inyecciones subcutáneas, bombas de insulina (Misso 2005) y por inhalación (Royle 2003). Los antidiabéticos orales se utilizan con mayor frecuencia para tratar la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en sus estadios iniciales si fracasan las modificaciones del estilo de vida. Las tiazolidinedionas, la rosiglitazona y la pioglitazona (Richter 2006) ofrecen nuevas opciones de tratamiento oral y afectan a diversos tejidos y partes del cuerpo. Para evaluar sus efectos, no sólo sobre el control metabólico en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sino también sobre los resultados en el paciente como las enfermedades cardiovasculares, en esta revisión se realizará una evaluación crítica de estudios a largo plazo de una ingesta continua de al menos 24 semanas.
Se ha demostrado que, para un aumento determinado de la glucosa plasmática, el aumento de la insulina plasmática es aproximadamente tres veces mayor cuando la glucosa se administra por vía oral en comparación con la vía intravenosa. Este perfeccionamiento de la liberación de insulina se conoce como efecto de “incretina”. El péptido similar al glucagón tipo 1 (7-36) amida (GLP-1, por sus siglas en inglés) y el péptido insulinotrópico de glucosa (GIP, por sus siglas en inglés) son las hormonas incretinas más importantes. Ambos actúan como hormonas insulinotrópicas potentes, liberadas por la glucosa oral, y se cree que hasta dos tercios de la insulina normalmente secretada con relación a una comida es el resultado de las acciones de estas hormonas. Se ha demostrado que el GLP-1 es esencial para la homeostasis de la glucosa posprandial normal en los seres humanos y su secreción a lo largo del día está sumamente relacionada a la liberación de insulina. Se cree que el efecto insulinotrópico del GLP-1 es dependiente de la glucosa y esta dependencia en la concentración sanguínea de glucosa al nivel o por encima del nivel de glucosa en ayunas significa que el GLP-1 no debería producir hipoglucemia profunda. Se han demostrado los efectos directos del GLP-1 sobre el crecimiento de células beta y la supervivencia, así como la inhibición de la apoptosis de células beta en modelos animales. El GLP-1 suprime la secreción de glucagón de forma dependiente de la glucosa y, por lo tanto, es poco probable que deteriore la respuesta contrarreguladora del glucagón a la hipoglucemia. El GLP-1 retrasa el vaciamiento y la secreción gástrica, reduciendo las excursiones de glucosa posprandial al retardar la entrega de nutrientes al intestino delgado (Drucker 2006).
Se reconoce que las secreciones inadecuadas de insulina son un elemento muy temprano en el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y la progresión sucede debido a una reducción de la función de las células beta, que en parte es un resultado de la pérdida de células beta. Los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 muestran una pérdida casi completa del efecto de la incretina. El GLP-1 se metaboliza muy rápidamente en la circulación, con una vida media in vivo menor de dos minutos. La enzima ubicua, dipeptidil-peptidasa 4 (DPP-4) se encuentra en muchos tejidos, incluso en el riñón, el intestino y el endotelio capilar. La DPP-4 metaboliza el GLP-1 y participa en la regulación de la actividad biológica del GLP-1. Los inhibidores de DPP-4 o “gliptinas” previenen el deterioro del GLP-1 y mejoran el tiempo de circulación, de modo que aumentan la actividad biológica de las hormonas incretinas. Dos inhibidores se encuentran actualmente en el mercado, vildagliptina y sitagliptina para la administración oral una vez al día (Drucker 2006).
DPP-4, también conocida como el marcador superficial celular de linfocitos CD 26, es una enzima compleja ubicua que existe como una aminopeptidasa que abarca las membranas de la superficie celular que transmite las señales intracelulares por medio de una pequeña cola intracelular y una forma soluble más pequeña que circula en el plasma. Se expresa ampliamente en muchos tejidos, como el hígado, el pulmón, el riñón, el intestino, los linfocitos, el endotelio capilar y los linfocitos T, las células B y células destructoras naturales (Thornberry 2007).
Efectos adversos de la intervención
Además de estabilizar las incretinas, el GLP-1 y el GIP, los inhibidores de la DPP-4 también prolongan la acción de algunos neuropéptidos similares al neuropéptido Y, la hormona liberadora de hormona de crecimiento y las quimiocinas, como el factor 1 derivado de las células del estroma y la quimiocina derivada de macrófagos. Los posibles efectos secundarios incluyen inflamación neurogénica, aumento de la presión arterial, aumento de la inflamación y reacciones alérgicas. DPP-4 contribuye a la activación de linfocitos T, lo cual plantea la posibilidad de que estos compuestos comprometen la función inmunitaria. Por lo tanto, la seguridad a largo plazo de los inhibidores de DPP-4 merece una consideración e investigación detalladas. La aclaración de varios nuevos miembros de la familia de DPP-4 tiene consecuencias para el desarrollo de los inhibidores de DPP-4. El compuesto que anteriormente se creía específico, en realidad podría inhibir a otros miembros de la familia de la enzima DPP-4 (Green 2006).
Como coestimulante de los linfocitos T, DPP-4 es importante en el sistema inmunitario. Los niveles de DPP-4 tisular se reducen en el tejido nasal de las personas con rinosinusitis crónica y la inhibición de DPP-4 parece agravar la nasofaringitis, como es posible observar en los estudios clínicos. Por lo tanto, parece ser sumamente importante controlar a los pacientes tratados con DPP-4 en cuanto al desarrollo de enfermedades inflamatorias, como angioedema, rinitis y urticaria. La DPP-4 también regula la migración de células progenitoras CD34+ de la sangre umbilical humana y el direccionamiento y el injerto funcionante de las células madre hematopoyéticas.
Por qué es importante realizar esta revisión
Recientemente, se publicó una revisión sistemática y un metanálisis sobre la eficacia e inocuidad del tratamiento con incretina (Amori 2007). Actualmente, se está realizando una revisión Cochrane sobre los análogos de péptidos similares al glucagón para la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (Snaith 2007). Esta revisión Cochrane se centra en los compuestos del inhibidor de DPP-4 y agrega los datos más recientes sobre el tratamiento de sitagliptina y vildagliptina. Antes del uso generalizado de estos fármacos nuevos, es necesario establecer una relación riesgo-beneficio no sesgada para ofrecer orientación a los médicos en el creciente mercado de antihipoglucemiantes orales
Evaluar los efectos de los inhibidores de la dipeptidil peptidasa-4 (DPP-4) para la diabetes mellitus tipo 2.
| CRITERIOS PARA LA VALORACIÓN DE LOS ESTUDIOS DE ESTA REVISIÓN |
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Tipos de estudios
Ensayos clínicos controlados asignados al azar.
Tipos de participantes
Adultos (mayores de 18 años de edad) con diabetes tipo 2.
A fin de ser consistentes con los cambios en la clasificación y los criterios de diagnóstico de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 a lo largo de los años, el diagnóstico se debe haber establecido mediante los criterios estándar válidos en el momento del comienzo del ensayo (por ejemplo, ADA 1997; ADA 1999; WHO 1980; WHO 1985; WHO 1998). Idealmente se deben describir los criterios de diagnóstico. Si fuera necesario, se usará la definición de diabetes mellitus de los autores. Con el tiempo, los criterios de diagnóstico se someterán a un análisis de sensibilidad.
Tipos de intervención
Tratamiento para un mínimo de 12 semanas con inhibidores de DPP-4 (sitagliptina o vildagliptina) solos o en combinación con análogos de la meglitinida, metformina, una sulfonilurea o una tiazolidinediona. Las siguientes comparaciones serán aceptables para su evaluación:
- sitagliptina o vildagliptina versus placebo;
- sitagliptina o vildagliptina versus agentes hipoglucemiantes solos;
- sitagliptina o vildagliptina en combinación con otros agentes hipoglucemiantes versus otras combinaciones de agentes hipoglucemiantes;
- sitagliptina o vildagliptina versus intervenciones intensivas del estilo de vida.
Tipos de medidas de resultado
Medidas de resultado primarias
- control metabólico medido por la hemoglobina glucosilada A1c (HbA1c);
- eventos adversos (por ejemplo, hipoglucemia, infecciones, insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva, edema);
- calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (medida con un instrumento validado).
Medidas de resultado secundarias- aumento de peso o disminución de peso (medido por kg o índice de masa corporal [IMC]);
- función de las células beta y en particular si se preserva con el transcurso del tiempo;
- mortalidad (por todas las causas; mortalidad relacionada a la diabetes [muerte por infarto de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular, vasculopatía periférica, enfermedad renal, hiperglucemia, hipoglucemia y muerte súbita]);
- morbilidad (morbilidad por todas las causas, así como morbilidad cardiovascular y morbilidad relacionada con la diabetes, por ejemplo, angina de pecho, infarto de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular, vasculopatía periférica, neuropatía, retinopatía, nefropatía, disfunción eréctil, amputación);
- costos.
Covariables, modificadores del efecto y factores de confusión- edad;
- raza;
- sexo;
- cumplimiento;
- comorbilidad (por ejemplo, infarto de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular);
- comedicación (por ejemplo, fármacos antihipertensivos, aspirina).
Momento de la medición de resultadosLos resultados se evaluaron en el corto (igual o más de 12 semanas a menos de 18 semanas), mediano (igual o más de 18 semanas a un año) y largo plazo (más de un año).
| ESTRATEGIA DE BÚSQUEDA PARA LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS ESTUDIOS |
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Ver: estrategia de búsqueda Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group
Búsquedas electrónicas
Se utilizaron las siguientes fuentes para identificar ensayos:
- The Cochrane Library (número 1, 2008);
- MEDLINE (hasta enero 2008);
- EMBASE (hasta enero 2008).
También se planificó buscar en las bases de datos de ensayos en curso: Current Controlled Trials (www.controlled-trials.com - con enlaces a otras bases de datos de ensayos en curso). Esta tarea se realizará en futuras actualizaciones de esta revisión.
La estrategia de búsqueda descrita (ver una estrategia de búsqueda detallada a continuación de “Tablas adicionales” - Tabla 01) se utilizará para MEDLINE. Se adaptará ligeramente la estrategia para utilizar con EMBASE, The Cochrane Library y otras bases de datos.Otras fuentes
Se planificó buscar en las siguientes fuentes adicionales:
- información sobre ensayos no publicados de compañías farmacéuticas;
- los sitios en la Web de la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) y la European Medicines Agency (EMEA);
- los sitios Web de la American Diabetes Association (ADA) y la European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).
Esta tarea se realizará en futuras actualizaciones de esta revisión.Listas de referencias
Se intentó identificar estudios adicionales mediante búsquedas en las listas de referencias de ensayos incluidos y revisiones (sistemáticas), metanálisis e informes de evaluación de la tecnología.
Se podrían haber detectado palabras clave adicionales pertinentes durante cualquiera de las búsquedas electrónicas o de las demás búsquedas. Si esto hubiera sucedido, se habrían modificado las estrategias de búsqueda electrónicas para incorporar estos términos. No fue necesario añadir palabras clave adicionales. Se planificó incluir estudios publicados en cualquier idioma.
Selección de los estudios
A fin de determinar los estudios a evaluar, dos autores revisaron el resumen, el título o ambas secciones de cada registro recuperado de forma independiente. Se investigó el texto completo de todos los artículos potencialmente pertinentes. El acuerdo entre evaluadores para la selección de estudios se midió con la estadística kappa (Cohen 1960). Se planificó que las diferencias estuvieran marcadas y si más tarde se incluían estos estudios, la influencia de la elección primaria se habría sometido a un análisis de sensibilidad. Cuando existían diferencias de opinión, se resolvían mediante un tercero. Si no se podía resolver el desacuerdo, el artículo se agregaba a aquellos "en espera de evaluación" y se establecía contacto con los autores para aclararlo. Se adjunta un diagrama de flujo adaptado QUOROM (quality of reporting of meta-analyses - calidad del informe de los metanálisis) de la selección de los estudios (Moher 1999).
Extracción y manejo de los datos
Para los estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, dos autores resumieron de forma independiente las características pertinentes sobre la población y la intervención mediante plantillas estándares de extracción de datos (para obtener detalles, ver “Características de los estudios incluidos” y la tabla 02 a la tabla 29 a continuación de “Tablas adicionales”); los desacuerdos se resolvieron mediante debate o, si fue necesario, por medio de un tercero. En caso de ser necesario, se planificaba solicitar la información faltante pertinente sobre el ensayo al autor original del artículo.
Evaluación de la calidad metodológica de los estudios incluidos
Dos autores evaluaron el riesgo de sesgo de cada ensayo de forma independiente. Los posibles desacuerdos se resolvieron por consenso o al consultar a un tercer revisor en caso de disconformidad. Se planificó investigar la influencia de los criterios de calidad individuales en un análisis de sensibilidad (ver a continuación de "análisis de sensibilidad"). Se calculó el acuerdo entre evaluadores para los indicadores de calidad fundamentales (por ejemplo, la ocultación de la asignación) mediante la estadística kappa (Cohen 1960). En los casos de desacuerdo, se consultó al resto del grupo y se opinó en base al consenso.
Medidas del efecto del tratamiento
Datos dicotómicos
Los resultados dicotómicos (por ejemplo, hipoglucemia grave sí / no) se expresaron como odds ratios (OR) o como riesgos relativos (RR) con intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%.
Datos continuos
Cuando fue posible, se expresaron los resultados continuos (por ejemplo, el control metabólico según la medición de hemoglobina glucosilada A1c [HbA1c]) como diferencias de medias con IC del 95%.
Datos de tiempo transcurrido hasta el evento
Se planificó expresar los resultados de tiempo transcurrido hasta el evento (por ejemplo, tiempo hasta el desarrollo de retinopatía diabética) como cocientes de riesgos instantáneos (CRI) con IC del 95%.
Cuestiones relativas a la unidad de análisis
Se planificó someter las diferentes unidades de análisis (por ejemplo, OR y RR) a un análisis de sensibilidad.
Manejo de datos faltantes
Cuando fue posible, se obtuvieron los datos que faltaban de los autores. Se realizó una evaluación cuidadosa de los datos numéricos importantes, como los pacientes sometidos a cribado (screening), aptos y asignados al azar, así como de la población por intención de tratar (intention to treat) y por protocolo (PP). Se investigaron las tasas de deserción, por ejemplo, los abandonos, las pérdidas durante el seguimiento y los retiros. Se consideraron críticamente las cuestiones relacionadas con datos faltantes, ITT y PP y se las comparó con la especificación de los parámetros de los resultados primarios y el cálculo del poder estadístico.
Manejo de las publicaciones duplicadas
En el caso de las publicaciones duplicadas y los documentos complementarios de un estudio primario, se intentó maximizar la obtención de información mediante la evaluación simultánea de todos los datos disponibles. En los casos en que había dudas, se dio prioridad a la publicación original (generalmente, la versión más antigua).
Evaluación de la heterogeneidad
En caso de heterogeneidad significativa, clínica, metodológica o estadística, no se combinaron los resultados de los estudios en un metanálisis. La heterogeneidad se identificó con la inspección visual de los diagramas de bosque (forest plot), mediante el uso de una prueba ?2 estándar y un nivel de significación de a = 0,1; teniendo en cuenta el bajo poder estadístico de dichas pruebas. Se evaluó específicamente la heterogeneidad mediante I2 (Higgins 2002), donde los valores de I2 de 50% y más indicaban un importante nivel de heterogeneidad (Higgins 2003). Cuando se encontró heterogeneidad, se intentó determinar los posibles motivos, al examinar las características del estudio individual y las de los subgrupos del conjunto principal de pruebas.
Evaluación de los sesgos de notificación
Se resolvió utilizar los gráficos en embudo (funnel plot) en un análisis de datos exploratorios para evaluar la posibilidad de sesgo de estudio pequeño. Existen varias explicaciones para la asimetría de un gráfico en embudo (funnel plot), entre ellas, la heterogeneidad cierta del efecto en lo que se refiere al tamaño del estudio, el deficiente diseño metodológico de los estudios pequeños y el sesgo de publicación (Sterne 2001). Por lo tanto, se utilizó este instrumento con cautela (Lau 2006).
Síntesis de los datos (metanálisis)
Los datos se resumieron de forma estadística si estaban disponibles, si eran lo suficientemente similares y de calidad suficiente. El análisis estadístico se realizó según las normas estadísticas a las que se hace referencia en la versión más nueva del Manual Cochrane para las revisiones sistemáticas de intervenciones Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Higgins 2005).
Análisis de subgrupos e investigación de la heterogeneidad
Se propuso realizar los análisis de subgrupos sólo si uno de los parámetros de medidas de resultado primarias demostraba diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de intervención. En cualquier otro caso, se planificó que los análisis de subgrupos fueran claramente marcados como un ejercicio generador de hipótesis.
Se planificó realizar los siguientes análisis de subgrupos:
- sexo (mujeres versus hombres);
- edad (según los datos, pero especialmente ancianos versus pacientes más jóvenes);
- pacientes con o sin comorbilidades (por ejemplo, infarto de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular, vasculopatía periférica);
- pacientes con o sin fármacos concomitantes (por ejemplo, fármacos antihipertensivos, estatinas, aspirina).
Se propuso utilizar el análisis de subgrupos sobre todo para explorar la heterogeneidad clínica, metodológica o estadística.Análisis de sensibilidad
Se planificó realizar análisis de sensibilidad a fin de investigar la influencia de los siguientes factores sobre el tamaño del efecto:
- repetición de los análisis con exclusión de los estudios no publicados;
- repetición de los análisis considerando la calidad de los estudios, como se especifica anteriormente;
- repetición del análisis con exclusión de estudios muy largos o de gran tamaño para establecer cuánto dominan los resultados;
- repetición de los análisis excluyendo los estudios mediante los siguientes filtros: criterios diagnósticos, idioma de publicación, fuente de financiamiento (industrial versus otra), país.
También se planificó probar la solidez de los resultados mediante la repetición del análisis utilizando diferentes medidas del tamaño del efecto (riesgo relativo, odds ratio, etc.) y diferentes modelos estadísticos (modelos de efectos fijos y aleatorios).
| DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS ESTUDIOS |
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Estudios identificados
En la búsqueda inicial, se identificaron 1083 registros y, entre ellos, se identificaron 52 artículos completos que se deben analizar más detalladamente. Los otros estudios fueron excluidos de acuerdo con sus resúmenes, debido a que no fueron pertinentes para la cuestión en estudio o no cumplieron claramente con los criterios de inclusión/exclusión (ver Figure 01 para obtener detalles del diagrama de flujo QUOROM enmendado [calidad del informe de los metanálisis] para la selección de estudios). Después del cribado (screening) del texto completo de los artículos seleccionados, 25 estudios publicados en 27 publicaciones finalmente cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, 25 publicaciones eran revisiones (sistemáticas) o resúmenes (Ahren 2003; Ahren 2006; Ahren 2007; Amori 2007; Barnett 2006; Campbell 2007; Canadian 2006; Deacon 2005; Drucker 2006; Drucker 2007; Gallwitz 2007; Henness 2006; Herman 2007; Idris 2007; Kleppinger 2007; Levetan 2007; Lyseng-William. 2007; Mest 2006; Miller 2006; Pratley 2007; Ristic 2006; Schlesselman 2006; Sebokova 2007; Thornberry 2007; Todd 2007). Todos los estudios se publicaron en inglés.
De los 25 ensayos incluidos, 11 estudios analizaron el tratamiento de sitagliptina (Aschner 2006; Charbonnel 2006; Goldstein 2007; Hanefeld 2007; Hermansen 2007; Nauck 2007; Nonaka 2008; Raz 2006; Rosenstock 2006; Scott 2007a; Scott 2007b), 14 estudios evaluaron el tratamiento con vildagliptina (Ahren 2004; Bolli 2008; Bosi 2007; Dejager 2007; Fonseca 2007; Garber 2007; Mimori 2006; Pi-Sunyer 2007; Pratley 2006; Ristic 2005; Rosenstock 2007a; Rosenstock 2007b; Scherbaum 2008; Schweizer 2007).
Figure 01
 Haga clic en la imagen pequeña para visualizar la imagen a tamaño natural
| Amended QUOROM (quality of reporting of meta-analyses) flow chart of study selection
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Acuerdo entre evaluadores
El acuerdo entre evaluadores para la selección de estudios, es decir, la calificación de un estudio como “incluido” o “posiblemente” pertinente, se completó sin que fuera necesario debatir con un tercer autor.
Estudios excluidos
No fue necesario excluir estudios (además de 25 revisiones [sistemáticas] o resúmenes) después de la evaluación detallada de la publicación completa.
Características de los estudios incluidos
Para más detalles, consultar la tabla "Características de los estudios incluidos".
Intervenciones y comparaciones
Sitagliptina
Comparaciones con placebo
Seis ensayos o brazos de estudio compararon monoterapia de sitagliptina con placebo:
- Aschner 2006: sitagliptina 100 mg o 200 mg diarios versus placebo;
- Goldstein 2007: sitagliptina 100mg versus placebo;
- Hanefeld 2007: sitagliptina 25 mg, 50 mg o 100 mg diarios versus placebo;
- Nonaka 2008: sitagliptina 100mg versus placebo;
- Raz 2006: sitagliptina 100 mg o 200 mg diarios versus placebo;
- Scott 2007a: sitagliptina 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg o 100 mg diarios versus placebo.
Comparaciones con agentes hipoglucemiantes solos
Dos ensayos o brazos de estudio compararon monoterapia con sitagliptina con otra monoterapia con un agente hipoglucemiante:
- Goldstein 2007: sitagliptina 100 mg diarios versus metformina 1000 mg o 2000 mg diarios;
- Scott 2007a: sitagliptina 100 mg diarios versus glipizida 5 mg a 20 mg diarios.
Comparaciones de tratamientos combinados
Seis ensayos o brazos de estudio compararon tratamientos combinados de sitagliptina con otros tratamientos combinados de agentes hipoglucemiantes:
- Charbonnel 2006: sitagliptina 100 mg diarios (adicional al tratamiento de metformina) versus placebo (adicional al tratamiento de metformina);
- Goldstein 2007: sitagliptina 50 mg diarios más metformina 1000 mg o 2000 mg diarios versus metformina 1000 mg o 2000 mg diarios;
- Hermansen 2007: sitagliptina 100 mg diarios (adicional a las dosis estables en curso de glimepirida, sola o en combinación con metformina) versus placebo (adicional a las dosis estables en curso de glimepirida, sola o en combinación con metformina);
- Nauck 2007: sitagliptina 100 mg diarios (adicional al tratamiento de metformina) versus placebo (adicional al tratamiento de metformina);
- Rosenstock 2006: sitagliptina 100 mg diarios (adicional al tratamiento de pioglitazona) versus placebo (adicional al tratamiento de pioglitazona);
- Scott 2007b: sitagliptina 100 mg diarios (adicional al tratamiento de metformina) versus rosiglitazona 8 mg (adicional al tratamiento de metformina) versus placebo (adicional al tratamiento de metformina).
VildagliptinComparaciones con placebo
Seis ensayos o brazos de estudio compararon monoterapia de vildagliptina con placebo:
- Dejager 2007: vildagliptina 50 mg o 100 mg diarios versus placebo;
- Mimori 2006: vildagliptina 20 mg o 50 mg o 100 mg diarios versus placebo;
- Pi-Sunyer 2007: vildagliptina 50 mg o 100 mg diarios versus placebo;
- Pratley 2006: vildagliptina 50 mg diarios versus placebo;
- Ristic 2005: vildagliptina 25 mg o 50 mg o 100 mg diarios versus placebo;
- Scherbaum 2008: vildagliptina 50 mg diarios versus placebo.
Comparaciones con agentes hipoglucemiantes solos
Tres ensayos o brazos de estudio compararon la monoterapia de vildagliptina con otra monoterapia con un agente hipoglucemiante:
- Rosenstock 2007a: vildagliptina 100 mg diarios versus rosiglitazona 8 mg diarios;
- Rosenstock 2007b: vildagliptina 100 mg diarios versus pioglitazona 30 mg diarios;
- Schweizer 2007: vildagliptina 100 mg diarios versus metformina hasta 2000 mg diarios.
Comparaciones de las terapias combinadas
Seis ensayos o brazos de estudio compararon tratamiento combinados de vildagliptina con otros tratamientos combinados de agentes hipoglucemiantes:
- Ahren 2004: vildagliptina 50 mg diarios (adicional al tratamiento de metformina) versus placebo (adicional al tratamiento de metformina)
- Bolli 2008: vildagliptina 100 mg diarios (adicional al tratamiento de metformina) versus pioglitazona 30 mg diarios (adicional al tratamiento de metformina)
- Bosi 2007: vildagliptina 50 mg o 100 mg diarios (adicional al tratamiento de metformina) versus placebo (adicional al tratamiento de metformina)
- Fonseca 2007: vildagliptina 100 mg diarios (adicional al tratamiento de insulina) versus placebo (adicional al tratamiento de insulina)
- Garber 2007: vildagliptina 50 mg o 100 mg diarios (adicional al tratamiento de pioglitazona) versus placebo (adicional al tratamiento de pioglitazona)
- Rosenstock 2007b: vildagliptina 50 mg o 100 mg diarios más 15 mg o 30 mg de pioglitazona diarios versus pioglitazona 30 mg diarios
Número de centros de estudio, países, ubicación y ámbitoCon la excepción de dos estudios japoneses (
Mimori 2006;
Nonaka 2008) todos los ensayos tenían un diseño multinacional. Sólo una publicación describió el número de centros de estudio con respecto a los ensayos de sitagliptina (
Nonaka 2008). Casi todas las publicaciones del tratamiento de vildagliptina especificaron el número de centros de estudio, que variaba de 15 a 202. En los estudios de sitagliptina y vildagliptina, participaron uno a 34 y uno a 11 países. La sitagliptina se investigó principalmente en Asia, Europa, América del Norte y del Sur, mientras que los ensayos de vildagliptina se realizaron principalmente en Europa y Norteamérica. Sólo un estudio describió el ámbito (pacientes ambulatorios) de realización del ensayo (
Ristic 2005).
Tratamiento antes del estudio
La mayoría de los estudios de sitagliptina permitieron el pretratamiento con antihiperglucemiantes orales, mientras que aproximadamente la mitad de los ensayos de vildagliptina comenzaron con pacientes que no habían recibido fármacos, es decir, que sólo habían sido tratados mediante dieta, ejercicios o ambas opciones.
Duración de la intervención, período previo a la intervención
Los estudios de sitagliptina tuvieron una duración de 12 a 52 semanas, la mayoría de los ensayos duraron 24 semanas y un único ensayo (Nauck 2007) duró 52 semanas. Los estudios de vildagliptina mostraron una distribución equivalente en dos ensayos que duraron 52 semanas (Scherbaum 2008; Schweizer 2007). En total, se asignaron al azar 6743 pacientes en ensayos de sitagliptina y 6121 en ensayos de vildagliptina, respectivamente.
Participantes, criterios de inclusión y exclusión, criterios de diagnóstico, comorbilidad y medicamentos
En los ensayos de sitagliptina, la mayoría de los pacientes se controlaron de forma inadecuada (rara vez definido), con dieta, ejercicio o ambas opciones, o con metformina (Charbonnel 2006; Nauck 2007; Scott 2007b), tratamiento con glimepirida con o sin metformina (Hermansen 2007) o pioglitazona (Rosenstock 2006).
La mayoría de los ensayos con vildagliptina investigaron a pacientes que no había recibido fármacos (Dejager 2007; Mimori 2006; Pi-Sunyer 2007; Pratley 2006; Ristic 2005; Rosenstock 2007a; Rosenstock 2007b; Scherbaum 2008; Schweizer 2007). Los otros estudios examinaron a pacientes con control inadecuado (rara vez definido) que recibían metformina (Ahren 2006; Bolli 2008; Bosi 2007), tratamiento con insulina (Fonseca 2007) o tiazolidinediona (Garber 2007)
Escasas veces se definieron los criterios de diagnóstico como norma de inclusión, la mayoría de los criterios de exclusión consistían en enfermedades significativas como trastornos cardiovasculares, hepáticos o renales. Las publicaciones no ofrecieron información pertinente acerca de las comorbilidades o los comedicamentos.
Medidas de resultado primarias
Para conocer los detalles sobre los datos de resultado ver Tabla 02 y Tabla 03 a continuación de “Tablas adicionales”.
Todos los estudios de sitagliptina y vildagliptina definieron la hemoglobina glucosilada A1c o el cambio en HbA1c desde el valor inicial hasta el punto final como el resultado primario (con excepción de Mimori 2006 que solo se publicó como resumen).
Medidas de resultado secundarias, otros resultados / resultados adicionales
Los resultados secundarios en los estudios de sitagliptina y vildagliptina constaban principalmente de glucosa plasmática y lípidos en ayunas, insulina, proinsulina, mediciones de la función de las células beta, como la proporción de proinsulina a insulina, modelo de determinación de homeostasis beta (HOMA-beta) y el índice insulinogénico en el nivel máximo de glucosa (I/G), así como la respuesta corregida de insulina en el nivel máximo de glucosa (CIR[GluPeak], las mediciones de resistencia a la insulina, la como resistencia a la insulina - HOMA (IR) y el índice cuantitativo de comprobación de sensibilidad a la insulina (QUICKI). Además, las pruebas estándares de tolerancia a la comida se realizaron, por ejemplo, para analizar glucosa plasmática, insulina, C-péptido, glucosa posprandial a dos horas, área bajo la curva (AUC) de insulina, AUC Péptido C y proporción de AUC de insulina - AUC de glucosa. Algunos estudios también evaluaron a quienes responden al tratamiento, definidos como el porcentaje de pacientes que alcanzaban determinados puntos finales de HbA1c A1C (p.ej., menos de 7%).
Los resultados de seguridad comprendían principalmente las experiencias adversas, incluso los episodios hipoglucémicos, las exploraciones físicas, los electrocardiogramas (ECG) y el peso corporal. Las mediciones de laboratorio estaban compuestas por la hematología habitual o estándar, la química sérica y los análisis de orina.
Para obtener detalles sobre las poblaciones de estudio (Tabla 04) y el riesgo de sesgo de los estudios incluidos, ver Tabla 05, Tabla 06, Tabla 07 y Tabla 08 a continuación de “Tablas adicionales”.
Resumen
En términos generales, las publicaciones sobre sitagliptina y vildagliptina sugirieron un riesgo de sesgo bajo, dado que estos estudios generalmente tuvieron un diseño aleatorio controlado, doble ciego, que típicamente utilizó un análisis por intención de tratar (intention to treat, ITT).
Mimori 2006 no pudo analizarse por completo, debido a que este estudio se publicó como resumen solamente.
El acuerdo entre evaluadores para los indicadores clave de calidad, asignación al azar, ocultación de la asignación y cegamiento se completó sin necesidad que la publicación completa sea tratada por un tercer autor.
Componentes específicos del riesgo de sesgo
¿Se generó de forma adecuada la secuencia de asignación?
Sólo dos publicaciones sobre sitagliptina (Nonaka 2008; Scott 2007a) y ninguna publicación sobre vildagliptina proporcionó información adecuada.
¿La asignación fue adecuadamente cegada?
Sólo una publicación sobre sitagliptina (Hermansen 2007) reveló información adecuada.
¿El conocimiento de las intervenciones asignadas se evitó adecuadamente durante el estudio?
Todos estudios tuvieron un diseño de doble ciego.
¿Se trataron de forma adecuada los datos de resultado incompletos?
La mayoría de las publicaciones informaron un análisis por ITT que utilizó el método de la última observación considerada para imputar los valores faltantes. Bolli 2008 mostró un análisis por-protocolo solamente y Scherbaum 2008 no describió un enfoque por ITT.
¿Los informes del estudio no sugieren información de resultados selectivos?
Con la posible excepción de Bolli 2008 y Scherbaum 2008 las publicaciones no indicaron información de resultados selectivos.
Aparentemente, ¿el estudio no tenía otros problemas que podrían ponerlo en alto riesgo de sesgo?
En general, el riesgo de otro sesgo pareció ser bajo. Sin embargo, las siguientes publicaciones demostraron tasas de deserción diferentes / altas entre grupos o no informaron adecuadamente los abandonos: Charbonnel 2006; Dejager 2007; Garber 2007; Goldstein 2007; Hanefeld 2007; Hermansen 2007; Nauck 2007; Pi-Sunyer 2007; Raz 2006; Ristic 2005; Rosenstock 2007b; Schweizer 2007; Scott 2007a y Scott 2007b.
Características iniciales
Para obtener detalles de las características iniciales, ver Tabla 09, Tabla 10, Tabla 11 y Tabla 12 a continuación de “Tablas adicionales”.
En líneas generales, la proporción de sexos fue equilibrada entre los grupos de intervención / control con sitagliptina / vildagliptina y también en la comparación de los dos agentes entre sí. Los pacientes fueron principalmente blancos, obesos, de aproximadamente 55 años de edad con una duración de la diabetes entre tres a cinco años. Una amplia proporción de participantes de todos los ensayos sólo fue tratada mediante dieta, ejercicios o ambas opciones. Las publicaciones no brindaron datos pertinentes sobre comorbilidades o comedicamentos.
Medidas de resultado primarias
Para obtener detalles sobre los datos de resultado primarios y secundarios, ver “Comparaciones y datos” y “Figuras” a continuación de “Análisis”.
Control metabólico
Los ensayos de sitagliptina versus placebo mostraron heterogeneidad apreciable. Después de eliminar el único estudio en pacientes japoneses solos (Nonaka 2008), la heterogeneidad disminuyó a un I2 de 25%. La diferencia de medias ponderada de la hemoglobina glucosilada A1c (HbA1c) entre grupos de intervención fue -0,7% (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: -0,8 a -0,6; p > 0,00001).
Los ensayos de vildagliptina versus placebo también mostraron heterogeneidad significativa. La eliminación de Mimori 2006 (sólo pacientes japoneses) y Scherbaum 2008 (desviaciones estándar pequeñas y dudosas) produjo un I2 del 25% y una diferencia de medias ponderada de HbA1c de -0,6% (IC del 95%: -0,7 a -0,5; p < 0,00001).
Sólo dos estudios investigaron la monoterapia de sitagliptina versus otra monoterapia con un agente hipoglucemiante (Goldstein 2007; Scott 2007a), nuevamente se observó heterogeneidad apreciable. No es posible informar una estimación agrupada fiable, pero ambos ensayos indicaron una disminución de HbA1c más pronunciada después de las intervenciones de control.
Tres ensayos contrastaron la monoterapia con vildagliptina con monoterapia con otro agente hipoglucemiante (Rosenstock 2007a; Rosenstock 2007b; Schweizer 2007). La diferencia de medias ponderada agrupada de HbA1 entre los brazos de estudio fue 0,3% (IC del 95%: 0,1 a 0,5; p = 0,0002) a favor de las intervenciones de control.
El tratamiento combinado de sitagliptina o vildagliptina versus otra combinación de agentes hipoglucemiantes reveló una heterogeneidad apreciable que no podía explicarse fácilmente y se atribuyó a la gran variedad de fármacos diferentes utilizados, así como a la diversidad de pacientes (por ejemplo, participantes que no habían recibido tratamiento y que ya habían sido tratados con fármacos). No fue posible calcular una estimación agrupada significativa, pero generalmente se observó una tendencia de los inhibidores de DPP-4 de reducir más la HbA1c en comparación con el control.
Al comparar 12 semanas de tratamiento con sitagliptina y vildagliptina versus placebo con 18 a 52 semanas de tratamiento, nuevamente se observó una heterogeneidad importante. Después de eliminar los estudios anteriormente mencionados, una estimación más estable produjo e indicó una disminución equivalente en la HbA1c que no parecía disminuir con el transcurso del tiempo.
Eventos adversos
Para detalles de los eventos adversos ver Tabla 15 a Tabla 27 en "Tablas adicionales".
La interrupción debida a los efectos adversos no difirió significativamente entre los brazos de intervención con sitagliptina o vildagliptina y control. Los cocientes de riesgo de los eventos adversos graves tampoco mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos.
Las infecciones por todas las causas (por ejemplo, nasofaringitis, infección de las vías respiratorias superiores, infección urinaria) mostraron un aumento estadísticamente significativo después del tratamiento con sitagliptina (RR 1,15; IC del 95%: 1,02 a 1,31; p = 0,03), pero no lograron significación estadística después del tratamiento con vildagliptina (RR 1,04; IC del 95%: 0,87 a 1,24; p = 0,05).
No se informó hipoglucemia grave en los pacientes que tomaban sitagliptina o vildagliptina. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (datos no mostrados) de los episodios hipoglucémicos entre grupos de sitagliptina/vildagliptina y el comparador. La cefalea se informó con más frecuencia con los inhibidores de DPP-4, especialmente después del tratamiento de vildagliptina (datos no mostrados).
En términos generales, la sitagliptina y la vildagliptina fueron bien toleradas.
Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud
Las publicaciones no informaron datos sobre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud.
Medidas de resultado secundarias
Aumento o disminución de peso
Para obtener detalles del peso corporal ver Tabla 13 y Tabla 14 a continuación de “Tablas adicionales”.
Los ensayos de sitagliptina y vildagliptina demostraron una mayor disminución del peso después del tratamiento con placebo. La estimación agrupada para los estudios de sitagliptina fue una diferencia de medias ponderada de 0,7 kg (IC del 95%: 0,3 a 1,1; p = 0,0002) a favor del placebo y 0,8 kg (IC del 95%: 0,2 a 1,3; p = 0,009), para los estudios de vildagliptina a favor del placebo, respectivamente. La mayoría de los comparadores hipoglucemiantes activos también produjeron una disminución de peso más pronunciada que el tratamiento con sitagliptina o vildagliptina.
Función de las células beta
Para obtener detalles de la función de las células beta y la sensibilidad a la insulina, ver Tabla 28 y Tabla 29 en “Tablas adicionales”.
Había pocos datos disponibles especialmente sobre los efectos del tratamiento con vildagliptina sobre las mediciones de la función de las células beta. Diversos métodos también sacaron conclusiones definitivas sobre los efectos de los inhibidores de DPP-4 sobre la función de las células beta. Hasta que haya más estudios disponibles, se considerará el agrupamiento metanalítico. La inspección de los datos del modelo de determinación de homeostasis beta (HOMA-beta) para la sitagliptina parece indicar que la sitagliptina comparada con placebo produce valores más elevados de las mediciones de la función de las células beta, el efecto en la comparación con otros agentes hipoglucemiantes parece no ser específico.
Mortalidad
Los estudios no planificaron evaluar los resultados de mortalidad.
Morbilidad
No se planificaron estudios que evaluaran los resultados de morbilidad.
Costos
Las publicaciones no revelaron datos sobre la economía sanitaria.
Heterogeneidad
Ver las afirmaciones apropiadas en la sección de resultados.
Análisis de subgrupos
No realizado debido a la falta de datos.
Análisis de sensibilidad
Ver las declaraciones apropiadas en la sección de resultados.
Sesgo de publicación y de estudio pequeño
No fue posible interpretar claramente el gráfico en embudo (funnel plot), lo que fue principalmente atribuido al número relativamente pequeño de estudios incluidos.
Resumen
Se detectaron 25 estudios de buena calidad que investigaron el tratamiento con sitagliptina y vildagliptina, que asignaron al azar un total de 12 864 personas a intervenciones con DPP-4.
La comparación del tratamiento con sitagliptina y vildagliptina con el placebo produjo una reducción de la HbA1c de aproximadamente el 0,7% y el 0,6% respectivamente. Los datos sobre las comparaciones con comparadores activos fueron limitados, pero no indicaron una mejoría del control metabólico después de la intervención con DPP-4, a diferencia de otros agentes hipoglucemiantes. Debido a la heterogeneidad pronunciada, es difícil interpretar los efectos de la sitagliptina combinada con otros agentes antidiabéticos en comparación con combinaciones de otros fármacos hipoglucemiantes, pero los inhibidores de DPP-4 pueden proporcionar otras mejorías del control metabólico. El tratamiento con sitagliptina y vildagliptina no produjo un aumento de peso, sino que la pérdida de peso fue más pronunciada después de las intervenciones con placebo.
Lamentablemente, hasta la fecha, no se publicaron datos sobre la mortalidad, las complicaciones diabéticas, los costos del tratamiento y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud.
La diabetes es un factor de riesgo sólido e independiente de enfermedades cardiovasculares, un problema que es responsable de aproximadamente el 70% de toda la mortalidad en personas con diabetes (Laakso 1999). Los estudios prospectivos muestran que, en comparación con sus equivalentes no diabéticos, el riesgo relativo de mortalidad cardiovascular en hombres con diabetes es de dos a tres y en mujeres con diabetes es de tres a cuatro (Manson 1991; Stamler 1993). El mayor riesgo cardiovascular asociado a la diabetes se refleja en la observación de que los individuos de mediana edad con diabetes presentan riesgos de mortalidad y morbilidad similares a los individuos no diabéticos, que ya han presentado un evento cardiovascular (Haffner 1998).
Los datos epidemiológicos y prospectivos han mostrado que el tratamiento de la hiperglucemia en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 es efectivo para reducir el riesgo de microvasculopatía (por ejemplo, retinopatía diabética), pero es menos potente para reducir el de infarto de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular y vasculopatía periférica. El tratamiento de otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular, aunque por definición son menos prevalentes que la hiperglucemia, parece ser más efectivo en la prevención de la macrovasculopatía que el tratamiento de la hiperglucemia. El estudio University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP) fue la primera investigación a largo plazo publicada de personas con diabetes tipo 2 que no indicaba reducción alguna en las variables de evaluación cardiovasculares asociadas a un mejor control metabólico, pero aumentaba la mortalidad cardiovascular después del tratamiento con tolbutamida (UGDP 1982). El estudio de Ohkubo y cols., que incluía pacientes japoneses con diabetes tipo 2 relativamente delgados, fue el primero en demostrar la prevención de complicaciones microvasculares mediante el control intensivo de la glucemia en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 (Ohkubo 1995). Este estudio no trató el tema de si un buen control de la glucemia retrasa la evolución de la macrovasculopatía. El United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) verificó principalmente si el control intensivo de la glucemia con una sulfonilurea o insulina influye en el riesgo de complicaciones micro y macrovasculares en comparación con el tratamiento convencional (UKPDS-33 1998). Los resultados de diez años del UKPDS evaluaron el tratamiento farmacológico en participantes obesos y no obesos, donde los nuevos casos de diabetes tipo 2 fueron derivados a consultorios hospitalarios. Durante diez años, la HbA1c fue del 7,0% en el grupo intensivo en comparación con un 7,9% en el grupo convencional. Durante diez años, la diferencia de 0,9% en la HbA1c entre los grupos intensivo y convencional fue más pequeña que la diferencia del 1,9% (9,0% y 7,1%) en la HbA1c en el Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). El DCCT estudió a pacientes más jóvenes con diabetes tipo 1 y evaluó los efectos del tratamiento intensivo con insulina versus convencional sobre la incidencia de las complicaciones microvasculares de la diabetes (retinopatía, nefropatía, neuropatía) con un seguimiento medio de 6,5 años (DCCT 1993). El riesgo de retinopatía, por ejemplo, se redujo estadística y significativamente con el tratamiento con insulina intensivo con un número necesario a tratar (NNT) al beneficio de seis (seis pacientes diabéticos tipos 1 necesitaron tratamiento intensivo con insulina en comparación con el tratamiento convencional durante 6,5 años para evitar que un paciente adicional desarrollara una retinopatía diabética). El UKPDS tuvo un diseño factorial, lo que significó que otro estudio que investigaba el control de la presión arterial intensivo versus regular (HDS 1993; UKPDS-38 1998) estaba incluido en el estudio principal. El control de la glucemia intensivo versus convencional no produjo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la mortalidad relacionada a la diabetes o en las variables principales de evaluación de macrovasculopatía, aunque redujo el riesgo relativo en "cualquier variable principal de evaluación adicional relacionada con la diabetes" (Freemantle 2003). La mayor parte de este beneficio se debió a una reducción en las variables principales de evaluación microvasculares, que incluyen la incidencia de fotocoagulación retiniana, que fue evaluada por los oftalmólogos independientes del estudio. En el UKPDS, el NNT para evitar que un paciente desarrolle cualquiera de las variables de evaluación independientes en el transcurso de diez años fue de 20 pacientes (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 10 a 500) (UKPDS-33 1998). En contraposición a estos resultados, la publicación del UKPDS-34, que se centró en pacientes obesos con diagnóstico reciente de diabetes tipo 2, encontró varias diferencias clínicamente importantes en las variables de evaluación de la macrovasculopatía con diez años de tratamiento con metformina (UKPDS-34 1998). En particular, la reducción del riesgo absoluto para las variables principales de evaluación adicionales fue mayor al 10%, y para la mortalidad global fue del 7%, lo que proporcionó números necesarios a tratar de 10 y 14, respectivamente, durante diez años (McCormack 2003).
El UKPDS recibió críticas en varios puntos, que enfatizaban especialmente sesgos ocultos en la interpretación de los resultados de este ensayo controlado aleatorio (Ewart 2001; McCormack 2003; Nathan 1998). Con frecuencia, se cita a Stratton y cols. en su publicación del UKPDS 35, que trataron de determinar la relación entre la exposición a la glucemia con el transcurso del tiempo, y el riesgo de las complicaciones macrovasculares o microvasculares en los pacientes del UKPDS (Stratton 2000). Esta publicación es una reinterpretación epidemiológica de los datos del UKPDS, que afirma que con cada reducción de 1% de la HbA1c media podrían observarse reducciones del riesgo de 21% en las muertes relacionadas con la diabetes y 14% en el infarto de miocardio. Sin embargo, el ECA en sí no mostró diferencias significativas en este sentido. Además, el UKPDS-38, que investigaba el control de la presión arterial riguroso versus menos riguroso con el uso del inhibidor de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina captopril o el betabloqueante atenolol como tratamiento principal, reveló reducciones en el riesgo relativo (en el grupo asignado al control riguroso en comparación con el grupo asignado al control menos riguroso) del 24% en las variables principales de evaluación relacionadas con la diabetes, del 32% en las muertes relacionadas con la diabetes, del 44% en los accidentes cerebrovasculares y del 37% en las variables principales de evaluación microvasculares (UKPDS-38 1998). Debido al diseño factorial del UKPDS con dos intervenciones (mejoría en el control metabólico y de la presión arterial) enfocados en las mismas medidas de resultado, se debe investigar una interpretación justa de los datos de la interacción entre las dos estrategias principales de tratamiento (McAlister 2003; Montgomery 2003). Los datos del UKPDS deben estar disponibles para la comunidad científica para evaluar, entre otras cosas, la importancia de la contribución individual de un mejor control de la glucemia versus mejor control de la presión arterial en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2.
Una reducción progresiva de la masa de células beta contribuye significativamente a la pérdida gradual del control de la glucemia en individuos con diabetes tipo 2. Un importante objetivo de la investigación sobre diabetes es restaurar la masa de células beta habitualmente perdida durante la progresión natural de la diabetes tipo 2. Los tratamientos actuales no sólo no muestran una capacidad de reducir la pérdida de células beta, sino que algunos como los de sulfonilureas han demostrado inducir la apoptosis de células beta en los islotes humanos cultivados (Maedler 2005). La capacidad de los inhibidores de DPP-4 para mejorar la supervivencia y estimular el crecimiento de las células beta sugiere que estos agentes pueden proporcionar una forma de preservar o restaurar la masa funcional de células beta en los individuos con diabetes tipo 2.
Hasta el presente, no es posible obtener conclusiones definitivas a partir de los datos publicados sobre los efectos de la sitagliptina y la vildagliptina en las mediciones de la función de las células beta.
En términos generales, la sitagliptina y la vildagliptina fueron bien toleradas; no se informó hipoglucemia grave en los pacientes que tomaban sitagliptina o vildagliptina. Las infecciones por todas las causas mostraron un aumento estadísticamente significativo después del tratamiento con sitagliptina, pero no lograron significación estadística después del tratamiento con vildagliptina.
En las publicaciones disponibles, las evaluaciones de laboratorio sobre la seguridad sólo constaban de mediciones hematológicas y bioquímicas estándares. Sin embargo, existe un riesgo considerable de posibles efectos adversos de los inhibidores de DPP-4, especialmente en el sistema inmunitario. Es inquietante observar que en todos los ensayos controlados aleatorios publicados de intervenciones con sitagliptina y vildagliptina, sólo se informaron las mediciones de seguridad de laboratorio habituales. La mejor oportunidad de realizar e informar mediciones de laboratorio elaboradas habría sido en estudios de eficacia bien controlados.
Limitaciones de la revisión
Esta revisión solamente incluye datos publicados. Las actualizaciones futuras tratarán de incluir datos originales de los fabricantes, si se suministran, así como información de los organismos de reglamentación farmacéutica como la Administración de Alimentos y Fármacos (FDA) y European Medicines Agency (EMEA).
| CONCLUSIONES DE LOS AUTORES |
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Implicaciones para la práctica
Los inhibidores de DPP-4 como la sitagliptina y la vildagliptina tienen algunas ventajas teóricas sobre los tratamientos existentes con compuestos antidiabéticos orales, pero actualmente deben restringirse a pacientes individuales. Se necesitan con urgencia datos a largo plazo sobre los resultados cardiovasculares y la seguridad, antes del uso generalizado de estos agentes nuevos.
Implicaciones para la investigación
Se necesita más información sobre la relación riesgo-beneficio del tratamiento con inhibidores de DPP-4, que analice especialmente los efectos adversos sobre los parámetros de la función inmunitaria. Además, se necesitan datos a largo plazo que investiguen los parámetros orientados a los pacientes, como la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, las complicaciones diabéticas y la mortalidad por todas las causas.
Ninguno.
| POTENCIAL CONFLICTO DE INTERÉS |
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Ninguno conocido.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Ahren 2004
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 12 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 12 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: 4-week run-in period in which patients received placebo while maintaining their previous metformin regimen LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes continuing a stable dosage of metformin (1500-3000 mg/day) INCLUSION CRITERIA: male or infertile female patients aged >=30 years diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at least 6 months before enrollment and treated with a stable dosage of metformin for >=3 months were included; prerandomization HbA1c while on metformin monotherapy was required to be between 7.0 and 9.5% (inclusive), and baseline BMI was required to be between 20 and 35 kg/m2 (inclusive) EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of type 1 or secondary forms of diabetes, significant diabetes complications, clinically significant cardiovascular abnormalities, liver disease, acromegaly, asthma, major skin allergies, or major gastrointestinal surgery; patients with fasting triglyceride levels >5.1 mmol/l or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) <6.1 or >=13.3 mmol/l were excluded, as were those treated with any drugs considered possibly able to affect results or their interpretation DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: nr COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (2 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): vildagliptin 50 mg o.d. (add-on to metformin therapy) CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo (add-on to metformin therapy) TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: patients with type 2 diabetes continuing a stable dosage of metformin (1500-3000 mg/day) TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to assess the 12- and 52-week efficacy of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor LAF237 (vildagliptin) versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes continuing metformin treatment
the 12-week core study was followed by a 40-week extension in those patients completing the core study and agreeing, together with the investigator, to participate
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Aschner 2006
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 24 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 24 weeks plus long-term treatment period RUN-IN PERIOD: patients with an A1C of 7-10% and not on an OHA for >=8 weeks were eligible to directly enter a 2-week single-blind placebo run-in period; patients with A1C >10% and not on an OHA entered a run-in period of up to 6 weeks; patients with an A1C of 6-10% and on an OHA discontinued the agent and entered a wash-out period of 6-10 weeks (8-12 weeks for those on thiazolidinediones); if A1C was 7-10% after the wash-out period, patients were eligible to enter the placebo run-in period LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients, 18-75 years of age, on and not on an OHA were eligible. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: patients with type 1 diabetes, unstable cardiac disease, significant renal impairment (creatinine clearance <50 ml/min), or elevated (more than twofold the upper limit of normal) alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, or creatine phosphokinase DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: nr COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (16 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): sitagliptin 100 or 200 mg o.d. CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: on and not on an OHA TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to explore tolerability and potential dose-dependent efficacy in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Bolli 2008
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 24 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 24 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: none LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients who were diagnosed with T2DM and had A1C of 7.5-11.0% at the screening visit while receiving a stable dose of metformin >=1500 mg/day; male and female (non-fertile or of childbearing potential using a medically approved birth control method) patients aged 18-77 years, inclusive, with abody mass index (BMI) of 22-45 kg/m2, inclusive, and with FPG of <15 mmol/l EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of type 1 or secondary formsof diabetes, acute metabolic diabetic complications, myocardial infarction, unstable angina or coronary artery bypass surgery within the previous 6 months; congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] classes I-IV) and liver disease such as cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis also precluded participation; patients with any of the following laboratory abnormalities were also excluded: ALT or AST greater than 2.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), direct bilirubin >1.3 times the ULN, serum creatinine levels >132 mmol/l (males) or >125 mmol/l (females), clinically significant abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone or fasting triglycerides (TG) >7.9 mmol/l DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: 118 COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (9 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): vildagliptin 100 mg daily, given as two equally divided doses (add-on to metformin therapy) CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): pioglitazone 30 mg o.d. (add-on to metformin therapy) TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: stable dose of metformin >=1500 mg/day TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to compare the efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin and pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with prior metformin monotherapy
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Bosi 2007
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 24 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 24 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: none LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients with type 2 diabetes who had been treated with metformin monotherapy for at least three months and who had been on a stable dose of >=1500 mg daily for a minimum of 4 weeks before visit 1; A1c in the range of 7.5-11.0% at screening; male and female patients (nonfertile or of childbearing potential using a medically approved birth control method) aged 18-78 years, inclusive, with a BMI in the range of 22-45 kg/m2, inclusive, and with FPG <15 mmol/l EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of type 1 or secondary forms of diabetes, acute metabolic diabetes complications within the last past 6 months, congestive heart failure requiring pharmacologic treatment, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or coronary bypass surgery within the previous 6 months; liver disease such as cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis; renal disease or renal dysfunction as suggested by elevated serum creatinine levels >=132 mmol/l for male and >=123 mmol/l for female participants DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: 109 COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (4 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): vildagliptin 50 mg o.d. vildagliptin 50 mg b.i.d. (add-on to metformin therapy) CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo (add-on to metformin therapy) TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: metformin monotherapy, stable dose of >=1500 mg/day TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to examine the effects of vildagliptine patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Charbonnel 2006
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 24 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 24 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: patients who were already taking metformin at a dose of at least 1500 mg/day whose A1C level was >7 and <10% directly entered a 2-week placebo run-in period and were eligible to be randomized; patients not currently taking an OHA, patients taking any OHA in monotherapy (other than metformin >=1500 mg/day), or patients taking metformin in combination with another OHA entered a metformin monotherapy treatment titration and dose-stable period of up to 19 weeks (the duration was variable, on the basis of prior therapy, to ensure sufficient time to respond to metformin monotherapy); after the dose-stable run-in period of metformin monotherapy, patients with A1C >7 and <10% entered a 2-week placebo run-in period and were eligible to be randomized LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes who had inadequate glyacemic control ([A1C] >=7 and <=10%) with metformin alone INCLUSION CRITERIA: men and women (aged 18-78 years) with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control (defined by an A1C level >7 and <10%) while taking metformin monotherapy at a stable dose of at least 1500 mg/day, either at entry into the study or after a metformin dose-stable run-in period; patients who were not currently taking an oral antihyperglycemic agent (OHA), were taking any OHA in monotherapy, or were taking metformin in combination with another OHA were potentially eligible to participate in the study if their A1C level met the screening criteria EXCLUSION CRITERIA: patients who were not currently taking an oral antihyperglycemic agent (OHA), were taking any OHA in monotherapy, or were taking metformin in combination with another OHA were potentially eligible to participate in the study if their A1C level met the screening criteria. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: nr COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (24 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): addition of sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. to metformin therapy CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): addition of placebo to metformin therapy [ratio sitagliptin : placebo, 2:1] TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: metformin monotherapy at a stable dose of at least 1500 mg/day TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to assess the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin 100 mg once-daily added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who were inadequately controlled on metformin alone
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Dejager 2007
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 24 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 24 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: none LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients who were diagnosed with T2DM and who had HbA1c of 7.5 - 10. 0 % at the screening visit while receiving no pharmacologic treatment; patients who had taken no oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) for at least 12 weeks prior to screening and no OAD for >3 consecutive months at any time in the past were considered to be representative of a drug-naive population; male and female (non-fertile or of childbearing potential using a medically approved birth-control method) patients aged 18 - 80 years, inclusive, with a BMI of 22 -45 kg/m2, inclusive, and with a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of <15 mmol/l EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of type 1 or secondary forms of diabetes, acute metabolic diabetic complications within the past 6 months, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or coronary artery bypass surgery within the previous 6 months; congestive heart failure, NYHA Class III or IV, and liver disease such as cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis also precluded participation; patients with any of the following laboratory abnormalities were also excluded: ALT or AST greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), direct bilirubin >1.3 times the ULN, serum creatinine levels >2.5 mg / dl, clinically signifi cant abnormal TSH, or fasting triglycerides >700 mg / dl DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: 134 COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (3 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): vildagliptin 50 mg o.d., 50 mg b.i.d. and 100 mg o.d. CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: drug-naive patients TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to assess the efficacy and tolerability and to evaluate the dose-response of vildagliptin monotherapy in drug-naive patients with T2DM
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Fonseca 2007
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 24 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 24 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: none LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes that was inadequately controlled by insulin INCLUSION CRITERIA: eligible, patients had to have received only injectable insulin for at least 3 months, at a dose of at least 30 U/day for a minimum of 4 weeks prior to enrolment; male and female patients (non-fertile or of childbearing potential using a medically approved birth control method) were eligible upon fulfilment of the following conditions: aged 18-80 years, inclusive; HbA1c 7.5-11.0%; fasting plasma glucose (FPG) <15 mmol/l; and BMI 22-45 kg/m2, inclusive. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: patients with type 1 diabetes, diabetes resulting from pancreatic injury or with secondary forms of diabetes (e.g. Cushing’s syndrome or acromegaly) were excluded, as were those with acute metabolic diabetic complications within the past 6 months, serious cardiac conditions or clinically significant liver disease; any of the following laboratory abnormalities precluded participation: ALT or AST >3 times the upper limit of normal; direct bilirubin >1.3 times the upper limit of normal; serum creatinine >220 ìmol/l; fasting triacylgylcerol >7.9 mmol/l DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: the diagnosis of patients with type 2 diabetes was based on the investigator’s diagnosis and on the patient’s medical record CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: 68 COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (4 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): vildagliptin 50 mg b.i.d. (add-on to insulin therapy) CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo (add-on to insulin therapy) TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: injectable insulin for at least 3 months, at a dose of at least 30 U/day for a minimum of 4 weeks prior to enrolment TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to assess the efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin (50 mg twice daily) vs placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes who continued insulin treatment
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Garber 2007
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 24 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 24 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: all potential study patients attended one screening visit (week-4) during which the inclusion/exclusion criteria were assessed; all eligible patients received pioglitazone at a dose of 45 mg daily (given o.d.) and were randomized 4 weeks later at baseline (visit 2, week 0) LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled by prior thiazolidinedione monotherapy INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients with TZDM who had been treated with TZD monotherapy for at least 3 months with a stable dose of at least 4 mg of rosiglitazone or 30 mg of pioglitazone for the past 4 weeks; starting at visit 1 (week+), all patients then received pioglitazone 45 mg daily; age 18-80 years, body mass index 22- 45 kg/m2, HbA1c .5-11% and FPG <15 mmol/l EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of type 1 or secondary forms of diabetes, myocardial infarction, unstable angina or coronary artery bypass surgery within the previous 6 months; congestive heart failure, liver diseases, such as cirrhosis or chronic aclivc hepatilis, or use of any oral antidiabetic drug other than a TZD within the past 3 months also precluded participation; patients with any of the following laboratory abnormalities were also excluded: ALT or AST >2.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN); direct bilirubin >1.3 times the ULN; serum creatinine levels >220 mmol/l, clinically significant abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or fasting triglycerides (TG) >7.9 mmol/l DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: 123 COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (2 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): vildagliptin 50 mg daily (as a o.d dose], vildagliptin 100 mg daily (as equally divided doses) (add-on to pioglitazone therapy) CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo (add-on to pioglitazone therapy) TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: a stable dose of at least 4 mg of rosiglitazone or 30 mg of pioglitazone for the past 4 weeks TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to ascertain the efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin (50 or 100 mg daily) added to a maximum dose of pioglitazone (45 mg daily) in patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with TZD monotherapy
mechanistic aspects were also explored during standard meal tests conducted in a subset of patients
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Goldstein 2007
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 24 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 24 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: at screening, patients with an HbA1c of 7.5% to 11% and not on an OHA for >=8 weeks were eligible to directly enter a 2-week, single-blind, placebo run-in period; patients with HbA1c >11% and not on an OHA entered a diet and exercise run-in period of up to 6 weeks; and patients on an OHA with an HbA1c of 7% to 10% had the agent(s) discontinued and entered a wash-off period of 6 to 10 weeks (8 to 12 weeks for those on thiazolidinediones); after the wash-off/run-in period, patients with an HbA1c of 7.5% to 11% entered a 2-week single-blind placebo run-in period LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control on diet and exercise INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients with type 2 diabetes, 18 to 78 years of age, who were either on or not on an OHA at the screening visit EXCLUSION CRITERIA: patients with type 1 diabetes, unstable cardiac disease, significant renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance <60 mL/min), or elevated (>2-fold the upper limit of normal [ULN]) alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: nr COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (15 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. sitagliptin 50 mg/metformin 500 mg b.i.d. sitagliptin 50 mg/metformin 1000 mg b.i.d. CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo metformin 500 mg b.i.d. metformin 1000 mg b.i.d. TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: on or not on an OHA TITRATION PERIOD: to reduce gastrointestinal intolerance associated with metformin, a brief period of up-titration was implemented; for patients randomized to receive metformin monotherapy (500 mg b.i.d. or 1000 mg b.i.d.) or co-administration of sitagliptin (50 mg b.i.d.) and metformin, therapy was started at metformin 500 mg o.d. and increased in a blinded manner by increments of 500 mg per week to achieve a stable dose of either metformin 500 mg b.i.d. or 1000 mg b.i.d; since this study was designed to examine the potential benefit of a fixed-dose combination tablet of these two agents, sitagliptin was up-titrated as it would be with the use of a fixed-dose combination tablet (50 mg o.d. increased after 1 week to the stable study dose of 50 mg b.i.d.)
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to examine the efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes
(study was designed to examine the potential benefit of a fixed-dose combination tablet of metformin and sitagliptin)
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Hanefeld 2007
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 12 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 12 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: at screening, patients not on an OHA with an HbA1c >=6.5% to <10% entered a diet and exercise run-in period of 2-6 weeks; patients on an OHA monotherapy with an HbA1c >=6.5% to <=9% had their OHA discontinued and then entered a diet, exercise, and drug wash-off run-in period of 6 weeks; if HbA1c was >=6.5% and <10% and fasting plasma glucose was >=130 mg/dl and <=240 mg/dl after the diet and exercise (and, for patients stopping an OHA, wah-off) run-in period, patients entered a 2-week, single-blind, placebo run-in period LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes currently on or not on OHA monotherapy INCLUSION CRITERIA: male and female patients, 21-75 years of age, with type 2 diabetes, either currently on OHA monotherapy (except thiazolidinediones) with glykosylated haemoglobin >=6% and <=9% or not currently on an OHA with HbA1c >= 6.5% and <10% EXCLUSION CRITERIA: patients with type 1 diabetes, unstable cardiac disease, or elevated )>2-fold the upper limit of normal) ALT, AST or CPK DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: nr COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (7 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): sitagliptin 25, 50, 100 mg o.d.; sitagliptin 50 mg b.i.d. CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: on or not on OHA monotherapy (except thiazolidinediones) TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to examine the dose-reponse of sitagliptin given once-daily as monotherapy and to evaluate the safety and tolerability profile of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Hermansen 2007
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 24 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 24 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: patients with HbA1c >=7.5% and <=10.5% who were already taking a stable dose of glimepiride (>=4 mg/day up to a maximum daily dose of 8 mg/day) alone or in combination with metformin (>=1500 mg/day up to a maximum daily dose of 3000 mg/day) for at least 10 weeks directly entered a 2-week, single-blind placebo run-in period; patients who were not on OHA with HbA1c >=9%, who were taking other OHAs in monotherapy with HbA1c >=7.5%, or who were taking other OHAs in dual or triple therapy with HbA1c >=6.5% and <=10.5%, discontinued their prior regimen and were switched to treatment with glimepiride alone or glimepiride in combination with metformin; following the switch in treatments, these patients entered a dose titration period of up to 4 weeks and then a dose stabilization run-in period of up to 10 weeks; if HbA1c was >=7.5% and <=10.5% after this run-in period, patients entered a 2-week, single-blind placebo run-in period LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on glimepiride alone or on glimepiride and metformin INCLUSION CRITERIA: men and women, >=18 and <=75 years of age, with type 2 diabetes were recruited for this study: (i) already taking glimepiride alone (at any dose) or in combination with metformin (at any dose), (ii) taking another OHA in monotherapy or in dual- or triple-combination therapy or (iii) patients not taking any OHAs over the prior 8 weeks EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of type 1 diabetes; treated with insulin within 8 weeks of the screening visit; renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance <45 ml/min or <60 ml/min if on metformin); history of hypersensitivity, intolerance or a contraindication to the use of glimepiride, sulphonylurea agents, metformin or pioglitazone (which was included in this study as rescue therapy) DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: nr COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): once-daily sitagliptin 100 mg to ongoing stable doses of glimepiride, alone or in combination with metformin CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): once-daily placebo to ongoing stable doses of glimepiride, alone or in combination with metformin TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: glimepiride alone or glimepiride and metformin TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to assess the efficacy and tolerability profile of adding sitagliptin 100 mg or placebo to ongoing treatment with glimepiride alone or glimepiride in combination with metformin; in addition to assessment in the overall study population, the efficacy and tolerability of sitagliptin relative to placebo in the individual subpopulations of patients on glimepiride alone or on glimepiride and metformin were examined separately
| | Allocation concealment | A - Adequate
| | Study | Mimori 2006
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 12 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 12 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: nr LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: Japanese drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus INCLUSION CRITERIA: nr EXCLUSION CRITERIA: nr DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: nr COUNTRY/ LOCATION: Japan SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): vildagliptin 10 mg b.i.d., 25 mg b.i.d., 50 mg b.i.d CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY:
abstract only
to assess the efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin versus placebo in Japanese drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Nauck 2007
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 52 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 52 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: patients who were already on metformin >=1500 mg/day and had an HbA1c >=6.5 and <=10% directly entered a 2-week placebo run-in period and were eligible to be randomized; patients not currenty on an OHA, patients on an OHA other than metformin monotherapy at a dose >=1500 mg/day or patients on metformin in combination with another OHA entered a metformin monotherapy treatment titration and dose-stable period of at least 8 weeks; patients with an HbA1 >=6.5 and <=10% after the metformin dose-stable period entered a 2-week single-blind placebo run-in period LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control on metformin monotherapy INCLUSION CRITERIA: men and women (age 18-78 years) with type 2 diabetes who were not currently on an OHA, were taking any OHA in monotherapy or were taking metformin in combination with another OHA were potentially eligible to participate in the study if they all met screening criteria EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of type 1 diabetes, insulin use within 8 weeks of screening, renal function impairment inconsistent with the use of metformin or a FPG (or a fasting fingerstick glucose) at or just prior to randomization >15.0 mmol/l (270 mg/dl); other treatments for hyperglycaemia were prohibited during the study; concurrent lipid lowering and antihypertensive medications, thyroid medications, hormone replacement therapy and birth control medications were allowed but were expected to remain at stable doses DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: nr COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (34 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): addition of sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): addition of glipizide o.d. (at an initial dose of 5 mg/day) TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: not currently on an OHA; taking any OHA in monotherapy or taking metformin in combination with another OHA TITRATION PERIOD: after the starting dose of 5 mg/day, glipizidevwas uptitrated according to protocol-specified criteria to a potential maximum dose of 20 mg/day
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to compare the glycaemic efficacy and safety of the addition of sitagliptin with that of a standard sulfonylurea agent, glipizide
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Nonaka 2008
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 12 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 12 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: patients entered an observation period, which was dependent on whether patients had been on diet and exercise therapy and if they had been taking an OHA at screening: (1) patients who had not been on diet and exercise therapy for at least 6 weeks underwent a 6-week program of diet and exercise and then entered a 2-week, single-blind, placebo run-in period, (2) patients who had been taking an OHA underwent a 6-week washout and then entered the placebo run-in period, and (3) patients who already had at least 6 weeks of diet and exercise therapy without any OHA entered directly into the placebo run-in period; patients with an HbA1c >=6.5% and <10% and an FPG >=126 and <=240 mg/ dL were eligible to enter the placebo run-in period; the study design was intended to ensure that all patients had at least 8 weeks of diet and exercise therapy (without OHA treatment) at randomization LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycaemic control INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients with type 2 diabetes aged 20-69 years were eligible if they were either not on treatment with an oral antihyperglycemic agent (OHA) or only on a single OHA over the 8 weeks prior to screening; after a diet and exercise run-in period (and drug washout period for patients who had been on an OHA) of 8 weeks in duration (including a 2-week placebo lead-in period) prior to randomization, patients with an HbA1c of >=6.5% to <10% and an FPG of >=126 to <=240 mg/dL; at screening , HbA1c inclusion criteria were >=6.5% to <10% for patients who were not on an OHA and >=6% to <=9% for patients who were on OHA monotherapy EXCLUSION CRITERIA: type 1 diabetes, any treatment with either insulin or pioglitazone in the 8 weeks prior to screening, unstable cardiac disease, elevated serum creatinine (>1.3 mg/dL in men and >1.2 mg/dL in women), and elevations >2-fold the upper limit of normal (ULN) in ALT, AST, or CPK DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: 40 COUNTRY/ LOCATION: Japan SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: on or not on an OHA TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to assess the efficacy and tolerability of once-daily sitagliptin 100 mg in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Pi-Sunyer 2007
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 24 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 24 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: none LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients who were diagnosed with T2DM and had A1c of 7.5-10.0% at the screening visit while receiving no pharmacologic treatment; patients who had taken nor OAD for at least 12 weeks prior to screening and no OAD for >3 consecuitve months at any time in the past; male and female (non-fertile or childbearing potential using a medically approved birth-control method); patients aged 18-80 years, inclusive, with a BMI of 22-45 kg/m2, inclusive, and with FPG <15 mmol/L EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of type 1 or secondary forms of diabetes, acute metabolic diabetic complications, myocardial infarction, unstable angina or coronary artery bypass surgery within the previous 6 months; congestive heart failure, NYHA class III or IV, liver diseases, such as cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis; patients with any of the following laboratory abnormalities were also excluded: ALT or AST >3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN); direct bilirubin >1.3 times the ULN; serum creatinine levels >220 mmol/l, clinically significant abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or fasting triglycerides (TG) >7.9 mmol/l DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: 98 COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (3 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): vildagliptin 50 mg o.d., 50 mg b.i.d., 100 mg o.d. CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to ascertain the efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin and to evaluate the dose-response of vildagliptin monotherapy in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Pratley 2006
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 12 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 12 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: four-week placebo run-in period preceded randomization during which inclusion/exclusion criteria were assessed; the mean (week -4 and week -2) HbA1c was to lie between 6.8 and 11.0 % LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: previously diet-treated people with type 2 diabetes INCLUSION CRITERIA: participants were aged at least 30 years and had a BMI between 20 and 40 kg/m2 inclusive, type 2 diabetes that had been treated with diet only for at least eight weeks prior to enrolment, and agreed to maintain prior diet and exercise habits for the duration of the study EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of type 1 or secondary forms of diabetes, significant diabetic complications, clinically significant cardiovascular abnormalities, liver disease, acromegaly, asthma, major gastrointestinal surgery, or major skin allergies; participants with fasting triglyceride levels above 4.5 mmol/l were excluded, as were those treated with corticosteroids or sodium channel blockers within the previous three months, or any investigational drug within the previous four weeks; patients receiving treatment with warfarin or dicoumarin derivatives or digoxin were also excluded; people receiving thyroid hormone replacement could only be included if the dose had remained stable for at least three months prior to entry; patients were excluded if FPG was less than 6.1 mmol/l or more than 15 mmol/l at week -4 or week -2, if ALT, AST or alkaline phosphatase was more than twice the upper limit of normal (ULN), bilirubin was more than 1.3 times the ULN, hematocrit was less than 37% or serum creatinine was more than 220 mmol/l, or if TSH was abnormal; any clinically significant laboratory abnormalities or physical exam findings precluded randomization, as did any change of body weight of more than 5% between week -4 and week 0 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: 15 COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (nr) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): vildagliptin 25 mg b.i.d. CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo (vildagliptin : placebo, ratio of 2:1) TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: diet TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to examine the efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin (25 mg, bid) in diet-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Raz 2006
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 18 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 18 weeks + ongoing study RUN-IN PERIOD: patients who entered the study on OHA therapy had the agent(s) discontinued and underwent a wash-off and diet and exercise run-in period of up to 12 weeks, based upon their prior therapy and HbA1c at study entry; patients not on an OHA (for >=8 weeks prior to screening visit) at study entry who met randomisation HbA1c criteria directly entered the 2-week, single-blind placebo run-in period; patients whose HbA1c was >=7% and <=10% and who had adequate compliance (>=75%) during the single-blind run-in period were eligible to be randomised LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycaemic control on exercise and diet INCLUSION CRITERIA: men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 18-75 years of age, were recruited; patients not currently on oral antihyperglycaemic agent (OHA) therapy and patients on OHA monotherapy (or dual oral combination therapy in low doses) who could be taken off their OHA(s) during the run-in period EXCLUSION CRITERIA: type 1 diabetes, insulin therapy, significant hepatic or renal disease, hepatic transaminase or creatine phosphokinase (CK) levels >=2 times the upper limit of normal, FPG >15 mmol/l (270 mg/dl) and BMI <20 kg/m2 or >43 kg/m2 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: nr COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): sitagliptin 100 mg and 200 mg o.d. CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo [placebo, sitagliptin 100 mg and 200 mg in a 1:2:2 ratio] TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: on or not on an OHA TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to assess the safety and efficacy of once-daily sitagliptin 100 mg and 200 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycaemic control on diet and exercise
"the current report presents the initial 18-week, placebo-controlled study period; patients completing this period were eligible to enter an active-controlled, double-blind period, which was ongoing at the time of this report and which will be the subject of a later publication"
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Ristic 2005
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 12 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 12 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: 4-week run-in phase, in which all patients received placebo LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes INCLUSION CRITERIA: during the run-in phase, inclusion criteria were evaluated for mean HbAlc levels between 6.8 and 10.0%, FPG between 6.1 and 15 mmol/l, serum creatinine level less than 220 nmol/l, bilirubin less than 1.3 x upper limit of normal (ULN), serum levels of liver enzymes less than 2 x ULN and body mass index (BMI) of 20-42 kg/m2 EXCLUSION CRITERIA: abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone, type 1 diabetes, acute metabolic diabetic complications such as ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar state, history of myocardial infarction, clinically significant cardiovascular abnormalitlcs, pancreatitis, parotitis, acromegaly, asthma or major skin allergies, liver disease or previous major gastrointestinal surgery; treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs or sodium channel blockers within the previous 12 weeks, combination oral antidiabetic therapy or insulin treatment within 6 months prior to study and treatment with systemic corticostoroids, thyroiod hormone replacement, warfarin, dicoumarin or digoxin DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: 91 COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (2 countries) SETTING: outpatients INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): vildagliptin 25 mg b.i.d. vildagliptin 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg o.d. CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo b.i.d. TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: nr (treatment with OAD was an exclusion criterion) TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to establish the effect on HbA1c levels and to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the drug
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Rosenstock 2006
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 24 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 24 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: patients who were already taking a stable dose of pioglitazone (30 or 45 mg/dl) and had an HbA1c >=7% and <=10% entered a 2-week, single-blind, placebo-controlled run-in period; patients who were not taking an OHA, were taking monotherapy with another OHA, or were taking dual OHA therapy entered a pioglitazone monotherapy run-in period; other OHAs were discontinued on entry to the run-in period, and pioglitazone was initiated and titrated upward as appropriate; once they had achieved a stable pioglitazone dose (30 or 45 mg/d), patients entered a stable-dose period lasting up to 14 weeks; patients with inadequate glycaemic control (HbA1c >=7% and <=10%) after the stable-dose pioglitazone monotherapy period entered a 2-week, single-blind, placebo run-in period LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and indadequate glycaemic control while receiving a stable dose of pioglitazone INCLUSION CRITERIA: men and women, aged >=18 years with type 2 diabetes were eligible for the study, whether they were already taking an OHA or not EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of type 1 diabetes or ketoacidosis; treatment with insulin within 8 weeks of the screening visit; moderate renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance <45 ml/min or age- and sex-adjusted creatinine levels consistent with this creatine clearance); history of hypersensitivity, intolerance, or a contraindication to the use of TZDs DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: nr COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (16 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. (add-on to pioglitazone therapy) CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo (add-on to pioglitazone therapy) TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: on or not on an OHA TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to assess the efficacy and tolerability of sitagliptin when added to the regimens of patients with type 2 diabetes who had not achieved adequate glycaemic control with pioglitazone monotherapy
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Rosenstock 2007a
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 24 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 24 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: none LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes INCLUSION CRITERIA: type 2 diabetic patients with A1c in the range of 7.5-11%: the patients had received no pharmacologic treatment for at least 12 weeks before screening and no antidiabetic agent for >3 consecutive months at any time in the past; male and female (non-fertile or childbearing potential using a medically approved birth-control method); aged 18-80 years, inclusive, with a BMI of 22-45 kg/m2, and with FPG <15 mmol/l EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of type 1 or secondary forms of diabetes, acute metabolic diabetic complications, myocardial infarction, unstable angina or coronary artery bypass surgery within the previous 6 months; congestive heart failure, liver disease, such as cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis; any contraindications and warnings according to the country-specific label for rosiglitazone; ALT or AST >2.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN); direct bilirubin >1.3 times the ULN; serum creatinine levels >220 mmol/l, clinically significant abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or fasting triglycerides (TG) >7.9 mmol/l DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: 202 COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (11 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): vildagliptin 100 mg daily (given as equally divided doses) CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): rosiglitazone 8 mg o.d. (vildagliptin : rosiglitazone, ratio 2:1) TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: no pharmacologic treatment for at least 12 weeks before screening and no antidiabetic agent for >3 consecutive months at any time in the past TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to compare the efficacy and tolerability of monotherapy with vildagliptin versus rosiglitazone in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabtes
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Rosenstock 2007b
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 24 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 24 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: none LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients diagnosed with T2DM and who had HbA1c between 7.5 and 11.0% at screening while receiving no pharmacological treatment for at least 12 weeks prior to screening and no OAD for more than three consecutive months at any time in the past; male and female patients aged 18-80 years, body mass index (BMI) range of 22-45 kg/m2 and with FPG <15 mmol/l EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of type 1 or secondary forms of diabetes, acute metabolic diabetic complications, myocardial infarction, unstable angina or coronary artery bypass surgery within the previous 6 months, congestive heart failure, liver disease such as cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis, or any contraindications and warnings according to the country-specific label for pioglitazone; ALT or AST >2.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN); direct bilirubin >1.3 times the ULN; serum creatinine levels >220 mmol/l, clinically significant abnormal TSH or fasting triglycerides (TGs) >7.9 mmol/l DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: 145 COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (8 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): vildagliptin 100 mg o.d. vildagliptin 50 mg + 15 mg pioglitazone o.d. vildagliptin 100 mg + 30 mg pioglitazone o.d. CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): pioglitazone 30 mg. o.d. TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: no pharmacological treatment for at least 12 weeks prior to screening and no OAD for more than three consecutive months at any time in the past TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to compare the efficacy and tolerability of initial combination therapy with vildagliptin, which improves islet function, and the TZD pioglitazone, which enhances insulin sensitivity, to the monotherapy components
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Scherbaum 2008
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 52 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 56 weeks (4-week, single-blind washout period) RUN-IN PERIOD: none LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes INCLUSION CRITERIA: drug-naive patients aged >=18 years who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at least 8 weeks previously and who had an A1C in the range of 6.2-7.5% at the screening visit (upper limit of 7.0% for centres in Finland and Spain); patients who had taken no oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) for at least 12 weeks prior to screening and no OAD for more than three consecutive months at any time in the past; male and female (nonfertile or of childbearing potential using a medically approved birth control method) patients with a body mass index (BMI) of 22-45 kg/m2, inclusive EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of type 1 or secondary forms of diabetes, acute metabolic diabetic complications within the past 6 months or evidence of significant diabetic complications; history of significant cardiac arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, New York Heart Association Class III or IV or liver disease such as cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis; significant laboratory abnormalities DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: 69 COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (6 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): vildagliptin 50 mg o.d. CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: no OAD for at least 12 weeks prior to screening and no OAD for more than three consecutive months at any time in the past TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to assess the efficacy and tolerability of this DPP-4 inhibitor in mildly hyperglycaemic patients with type 2 diabetes
in addition, efficacy assessments were repeated following a 4-week active-treatment-free period to explore whether there were sustained effects on beta-cell function leading to sustained effects on glycaemic control
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Schweizer 2007
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 52 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 52 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: none LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients with type 2 DM and who had an HbA 1c of 7.5-11.0% at the screening visit while receiving no drug treatment; patients who had taken no oral glucose-lowering agents for at least 12 weeks prior to screening and no oral glucose-lowering agents for more than three consecutive months at any time in the past; male and female patients (non-fertile or of childbearing potential using a medically approved birth control method) aged 18-78 years, inclusive, with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) < 15 mmol/l EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of Type 1 or secondary forms of diabetes, acute metabolic diabetic complications within the past 6 months, congestive heart failure requiring pharmacological treatment, or myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or coronary artery bypass surgery within the previous 6 months; liver disease such as cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis; renal disease or renal dysfunction suggested by elevated serum creatinine levels, in accordance with prescribing guidelines for metformin; patients with any of the following laboratory abnormalities: ALT or AST greater than three times the upper limit of normal (ULN), direct bilirubin greater than 1.3 times the ULN, clinically significant abnormal TSH or fasting triglycerides > 7.9 mmol/l. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: 183 COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (10 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): vildagliptin 100 mg (given as equally divided doses) CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): metformin titrated to 2000 mg daily (given as divided doses)
(vildagliptin : metformin, ratio of 2 : 1)
TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: no oral glucose-lowering agents for at least 12 weeks prior to screening and no oral glucose-lowering agents for more than three consecutive months at any time in the past TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to assess the efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin monotherapy (100 mg daily) over 1 year in drug-naive patients with type 2 DM; metformin (titrated to 2000 mg daily) was used as an active control
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Scott 2007a
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 12 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 12 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: at screening, patients not on an OHA with an HbA1c >=6.5% to <10% entered a diet and exercise period of 2-6 weeks; patients on OHA monotherapy with HbA1c >=6% to <=9% had their OHA discontinued and entered a diet and exercise period of 6 weeks; if HbA1c was >=6.5 and <10% and FPG was >=7.22 mmol/l (130 mg/dl) and <=13.32 mmol/l (240 mg/dl) after the diet and exercise run-in period, patients were eligible to be randomised after completing a 2-week single-blind placebo run-in period LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes with inadequate glycaemic control on diet and exercise INCLUSION CRITERIA: male and female patients 21-75 years of age with type 2 diabetes, either currently on OHA monotherapy (except thiazolidinediones) with HbA1c >=6% and <=9% or not currently on an OHA with HbA1c >=6.5% and <10%, were eligible to participate if they met screening criteria EXCLUSION CRITERIA: type 1 diabetes, unstable cardiac disease, active liver or gallbladder disease, creatinine clearance <60 ml/min, or elevated (>2-fold the upper limit of normal) ALT, AST or CK DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: nr COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational (17 countries) SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): sitagliptin 5, 12.5, 25 or 50 mg b.i.d. CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): placebo glipizide 5 mg (titrated up to 20 mg) TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: on or not on an OHA TITRATION PERIOD: at 2-week intervals over the first 6 weeks of treatment, glipizide was up-titrated by 5 mg/day if all the following criteria were met: mean daily glucose was >8.88 mmol/l (160 mg/dl), all fingerstick glucose values from the week prior to a study site visit were >5.55 mmol/l (100 mg/dl) and there were no episodes of hypoglycaemia prior to the visit; if patients experienced unexplained hypoglycaemia at any time during the study, glipizide was downtitrated to 5 mg/day and held there for the remainder of the study; if patients continue to experience hypoglycaemic episodes following down-titration to glipizide 5 mg/day, they were discontinued from the study.
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to assess the dose-response to sitagliptin monotherapy on efficacy and tolerability over 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes who had inadequate glycaemic control on diet and exercise
a glipizide treatment group was included to provide information in the same study population on the efficacy profile, risk of hypoglycaemia and changes in body weight with a sulfonylurea, a commonly used class of oral antihyperglycaemic; the study was not designed as a non-inferiority trial, and thus glipizide served as a benchmark therapy rather than as a direct comparator agent
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
| | Study | Scott 2007b
| | Methods | DURATION OF INTERVENTION: 18 weeks DURATION OF FOLLOW-UP: 18 weeks RUN-IN PERIOD: patients who met all entry criteria at the screening visit entered a 2-week single-blind, placebo run-in period LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION: English
| | Participants | WHO PARTCIPATED: patients with type 2 diabetes who were inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy INCLUSION CRITERIA: men and women with type 2 diabetes (18-75 years of age) who were taking metformin monotherapy at a stable dose of >=1500 mg/day for at least 10 weeks prior to the screening visit and had inadequate glycaemic control [defined by a HbA1c level >=7 and <=11%] EXCLUSION CRITERIA: type 1 diabetes, insulin use within 8 weeks of the screening visit, any contraindications for use of TZDs or metformin, impaired renal function (creatinine clearance <60 ml/min), ALT or ASTclevels more than twofold the upper limit of normal or a fasting glucose value >270 mg/dl prior to randomization DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: nr CO-MORBIDITIES: nr CO-MEDICATIONS: nr
| | Interventions | NUMBER OF STUDY CENTRES: nr COUNTRY/ LOCATION: multinational SETTING: nr INTERVENTION (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): (add-on to metformin therapy) sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. CONTROL (ROUTE, TOTAL DOSE/DAY, FREQUENCY): (add-on to metformin therapy) placebo rosiglitazone 8 mg o.d. TREATMENT BEFORE STUDY: metformin monotherapy at a stable dose >= 1500 mg/day TITRATION PERIOD: nr
| | Outcomes | see table "outcome data" under "Additional tables"
| | Notes | STATED AIM OF STUDY: to assess the efficacy and tolerability of the addition of sitagliptin or rosiglitazone compared with the addition of placebo to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control
| | Allocation concealment | B - Unclear
|
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[ nr = not reported] [all treatments except insulin: oral route]
(Hb)A1c = glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; b.i.d. = twice daily; BMI = body mass index (kg/m2); C(P)K = creatine phosphokinase; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; NYHA = New York Heart Association; o.d. = once daily; OAD/OHA = oral antidiabetic/antihyperglycaemic/hypoglycaemic agent; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; TG = triglycerides; TZD = thiazolidinedione
Table 01 Search strategy
| Search terms | Unless otherwise stated, search terms are free text terms; MeSH = Medical subject heading (Medline medical index term); exp = exploded MeSH; the dollar sign ($) stands for any character(s); the question mark (?) = to substitute for one or no characters; tw = text word; pt = publication type; sh = MeSH; adj = adjacent.
1. sitagliptin*.tw. 2. vildagliptin*.tw. 3. gliptin*.tw. 4. incretin*.tw 5. (dpp adj (4 or IV)).tw.
6. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5
combined with a search for RCTs/CCTs, meta-analyses, systematic reviews and health technology assessment reports (see under 'Additional information' in the information on the Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group in The Cochrane Library (see 'About', 'Cochrane Review Groups (CRGs)') |
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Table 02 Outcome data: sitagliptin
| Study | Primary outcomes | Secondary outcomes | Additional outcomes | Safety measurements | Laboratory outcomes | | Aschner 2006 | HbA1c | nr | FPG, insulin, proinsulin, fasting lipids, beta-cell function: proinsulin-to-insulin ratio, HOMA-beta, insulin resistance: HOMA-IR, QUICKI, standard meal tolerance test: plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptid, 2-hr PPG, AUC insulin AUC, C-peptide AUC, insulin AUC-to-glucose AUC ratio | adverse experiences (prespecified: hypoglycaemia, GI: abdominal pain,nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), physical exams, ECG, body weight | complete blood chemistry,haematology, urinalysis
| | Charbonnel 2006 | change from baseline at week 24 in HbA1c | change from baseline at week 24 in: FPG, glucose, insulin, C-peptide (after a standard meal) and lipid panel (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-, HDL-, non-HDL cholesterol, triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol ratio | (exploratory endpoints): mean glucose, insulin, C-peptide, AUC for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, insulin AUC-to-glucose AUC ratio (after standard morning meal) | adverse experiences (special interest: hypoglycaemia, GI AEs), physical exams, vital signs, body weight, ECG | safety lab: routine haematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis
| | Goldstein 2007 | change from baseline at week 24 in HbA1c | nr | change from baseline at week 24in: FPG, fasting serum insuline, fasting serum proinsuline, fasting lipids, beta-cell function: proinsulin/insulin ratio, HOMA-beta, insulin resistance: HOMA-IR, QUICKI (all after standard meal tolerance test) | adverse experiences (prespecified: hypoglycaemia, GI: abdominal pain,nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), physical exams, vital signs, ECG, body weight | complete blood chemistry,haematology, urinalysis
| | Hanefeld 2007 | change from baseline at week 12 in HbA1c | | FPG, serum insulin, plasma lipid parameters (total chol., LDL, HDL, triglycerides, FFA), beta-cell function: HOMA-beta, insulin resistance: HOMA-IR, QUICKI, 7-point home-glucose measurements = mean daily glucose, % achieving HbA1c <= 7%) | adverse experiences, physical exams, vital signs, ECGs, body weight, hypoglycaemia | routine haematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis
| | Hermansen 2007 | change in HbA1c from baseline to week 24 | FPG, 2-h post-meal glucose, lipid measurements | meal tolerance test; HOMA-B, 2-h postprandial glucose | adverse experiences | | | Nauck 2007 | change from baseline at week 52 in HbA1c (non-inferiority, per protocol) | nr | FPG, insulin, proinsulin, lipid parameters (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-, HDL-, non-HDL), beta-cell function: proinsulin/insulin ratio, HOMA-beta, insulin resistance: HOMA-IR, QUICKI), durability of treatment: comparing the rate of rise in HbA1c from week 24 to week 52 | adverse experiences (prespecified: hypoglycaemia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea), physical exams, vital signs, ECGs, body weight, hypoglycaemia (log book) | blood chemistry, haematology, urinalysis
| | Nonaka 2008 | change in HbA1c from baseline (randomization) at week 12 | nr | change from baseline in FPG, 2-h postprandial glucose (PPG), 1,5-anhydroglucitol, fasting insulin, fasting serum C-peptide, HOMA-IR, HOMA-b-cell function; proportion of patients achieving an HbA1c of <7% or 6.5%: meal tolerance test in a subgroup of patients | adverse experience reports, vital signs, body weight, ECG, hypoglycaemia (diaries) | hematology, chemistry, urinalysis | | Raz 2006 | HbA1c | (key secondary endpoints) FPG, insulin, proinsulin, lipids; subset of patients: meal tolerance test -> key postprandial endpoints: 2-h post-meal glucose, insulin, C-peptide, 3-h post-meal glucose, insulin, C-peptide and insulin and glucose AUCs | | adverse experiences (prespecified: change from baseline in body weight, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea), physical exams, vital signs, ECGs, body weight | blood chemistry (includ. ALAT, ASAT, total bilirubin. AP, CK and creatinine), urinalysis
| | Rosenstock 2006 | change from baseline at week 24 in HbA1c | change from baseline in FPG, insulin, proinsulin; beta-cell function: proinsulin/insulin ratio, HOMA-beta; insulin resistance: HOMA-IR, QUICKI; %changes from baseline in selected lipid parameters: total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, HDL, non-HDL-C; % with HbA1c <7%; proportion requiring rescue therapy | | physical exams, vital signs, ECGs, adverse experiences includ. hypoglycaemia and selected GI-related AEs (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) | haematology, serum chemistry (includ. ALAT, AST, total bilirubin, AP), urinalysis | | Scott 2007a | HbA1c | nr | change or %change from baseline at week 12: FPG, MDG, MTT-related variables including 2-h PPG and glucose AUC, lipid parameters, HOMA-beta, HOMA-IR and QUICKI | adverse experiences (AEs of special interest included hypglycaemia (daily glucose logs) and GI-related symptoms), physical exams, vital signs, ECGs, change in body weight | blood chemistry, haematology, urinalysis
| | Scott 2007b | HbA1c | nr | FPG, fasting serum insulin, fasting serum proinsulin, fasting plasma lipids; beta-cell function: proinsulin/insulin ratio and HOMA-b insulin resistance: HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); standard meal tolerance test: 2-h insulin and C-peptide levels, glycaemic excursion from the 0-h time point to the 2-h time point of the MTT (i.e. incremental 2-h PPG) | adverse experiences, physical examinations, vital signs, body weight | blood chemistry, haematology, urinalysis | Symbols & abbreviations:
nr = not reported ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AP = alkaline phosphatase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; AUC = area under the cureve; BMI = body mass index (kg/m2); BP = blood pressure; CK creatine phosphokinase; CRP = C-reactive protein | ECG = electrocardiogram; FP(B)G = fasting plasma (blood) glucose; GI = gastrointestinal; HbA1c = glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; HOMA = homeostasis model assessment (of insulin sensitvity - IR) | MDG = mean daily glucose: MTT = meal tolerance test; PPG = postprandial glucose; QUICKI = quantitative insulin sensitivity check index | | | |
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Table 03 Outcome data: vildagliptin
| Study | Primary outcomes | Secondary outcomes | Additional outcomes | Safety measurements | Laboratory outcomes | | Ahren 2004 | change from baseline to the end point in HbA1c | change from baseline in: FPG, lipids, body weight, the 4-h mean (AUC/time) prandial glucose, insulin levels during standardized meal test, I/G, CIR (GluPeak) | AUCs for glucose and insulin, measures of beta-cell function: insulinogenic index at peak glucose (I/G), corrected insulin response at peak glucose (CIR(GluPeak)) | adverse events, ECG, vital signs, hypoglycaemia | safety laboratory assessments
| | Bolli 2008 | change from baseline in HbA1c at study endpoint in the per protocol population using last observation carried forward for patients who discontinued early | FPG, fasting lipids, body weight (adjusted mean changes from baseline) | responders to treatment: percentage of patients (i) achieving endpoint A1C <7%, (ii) achieving endpoint A1C <=6.5%, (iii) experiencing a reduction of A1C >=1%, (iv) experiencing a reduction of A1C >=0.7%, (v) experiencing a reduction of A1C >= 0.5%, and (vi) meeting at least one of the aforementioned criteria in the two treatment groups | adverse events; hypoglycaemia; severe hypoglycaemia; body weight, vital signs; ankle circumference; ECGs | standard haematology and biochemistry laboratory assessments | | Bosi 2007 | change in HbA1c from baseline at study end point | FPG, fasting plasma lipids, body weight | fasting lipid levels (triglycerides, total, HDL-, LDL-, non-HDL and VLDL-cholesterol); standard breakfast tests; beta-cell function and prandial glucose control; insulin secretory rate (ISR) (by plasma C-peptide); 2-h AUCs for ISR and glucose; beta-cell function: ratio of ISR AUC to glucose AUC | adverse events, ECGs, vital signs, hypoglycaemia, severe hypoglycaemia | standard haematology and biochemistry laboratory assessments
| | Dejager 2007 | change from baseline in HbA1c at study endpoint (analysis used a weighted average of treatment differences at study endpoint, rather than change from baseline; many baseline values were unavailable) | FPG, fasting plasma lipids, body weight | fasting lipid levels (triglycerides, total, HDL-, LDL-, non-HDL and VLDL-cholesterol) | adverse events, ECGs, vital signs, hypoglycaemia, severe hypoglycaemia | standard haematology and biochemistry laboratory assessments
| | Fonseca 2007 | change from baseline to week 24 or endpoint in HbA1c | FPG, mean daily insulin dose, mean daily number of insulin injections, fasting lipd parameters (triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, HDL-, calculated LDL-, VLDL-, non-HDL cholesterol), body weight | | adverse events, vital signs, ECGs,hypoglycaemia, severe hypoglycaemia | safety laboratory assessments
| | Garber 2007 | change from baseline in HbA1c at study endpoint | FPG, fasting plasma lipids, body weight | fasting insulin, proinsulin, fasting lipid levels (TG, total, LDL-, HDL-, non-HDL and VLDL-cholesterol); standard breakfast meal tests: assessment of prandial glucose and beta-cell function: insulin secretory rate (ISR) (by plasma C-peptide levels), 2-h AUCs for ISR and glucose; ratio of ISR AUC to glucose AUC = beta-cell function | adverse events, vital signs, ECGs, hypoglycaemia, severe hypoglycaemia | standard haematology and biochemistry laboratory assessments
| | Mimori 2006 | nr (HbA1c?) | | standard meal test: peak prandial GLP-1, 2-hr prandial glucose; FPG | adverse events | | | Pi-Sunyer 2007 | change from baseline in HbA1c at study endpoint | FPG, fasting plasma lipids, body weight | fasting lipid profiles (TG, total, LDL-, HDL-, non-HDL, VLDL-cholesterol) | adverse events, vital signs, ECGs; hypoglycaemia, severe hypoglycaemia | standard haematology and biochemistry laboratory assessments
| | Pratley 2006 | change from baseline in HbA1c at the end of study | change from baseline to endpoint: FPG, fasting insulin, fasting lipids, body weight; standard meal test: 4-hr mean glucose, glucose, C-peptide (AUC/time), HOMA-B, HOMA-R, insulin-response corrected for peak glucose (CIR(GluPeak)) and 30 min insulinogenic index as well as insulinsensitivity index (ISI) | | adverse events, hypoglycaemia | standard haematology and biochemistry laboratory assessments, urinalysis
| | Ristic 2005 | HbA1c | | fasting glucose, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, fasting lipids (triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-, LDL- and VLDL-cholesterol); standard meal test; beta-cell function and insulin resistance: HOMA-B, HOMA-R; % of patients reaching <7% HbA1c and reduction of >=1% or >=0.5% for patients with HbA1c >= 7% at study entry | adverse events, vital signs, physical exams, weight, ECGs, hypoglycaemia | routine safety laboratory parameters
| | Rosenstock 2007a | change from baseline in HbA1c at study endpoint | changes in FPG, fasting plasma lipids, body weight | fasting lipid profiles | adverse events, oedema, hypoglycaemia, severe hypoglycaemia; vital signs, ECGs | standard haematology and biochemistry laboratory assessments
| | Rosenstock 2007b | change from baseline in HbA1c at study endpoint | changes in FPG, fasting plasma lipids, body weight | fasting lipid profiles and free fatty acids (FFA); standard breakfast meal tests: prandial glucose control and beta-cell function: insulin secretory rate (ISR) (by C-peptide levels)), 2-h AUCs for ISR and glucose; ratio of ISR AUC to glucose AUC = beta-cell function; % of patients achieving ADA target HbA1c level at end point | adverse events, hypoglycaemia, severe hypoglycaemia; vital signs, ECGs | standard haematology and biochemistry laboratory assessments
| | Scherbaum 2008 | change from baseline in HbA1c at week 52 or at study end-point using last observation carried forward for patients who discontinued early | FPG, fasting lipids, body weight; meal test parameters: glucose, C-peptide and insulin (change from baseline) | | adverse events; hypoglycaemia; severe hypoglycaemia; vital signs; ECGs | standard haematology and biochemistry laboratory assessments | | Schweizer 2007 | change from baseline in HbA1c at study endpoint | FPG, fasting plasma lipids, body weight | fasting lipid profiles
(see "Mari 2008" - modeling analysis of beta-cell function) | adverse events, hypoglycaemia, severe hypoglycaemia; vital signs, ECGs | standard haematology and biochemistry laboratory assessments
| Symbols & abbreviations:
nr = not reported (Hb)A1c = glykosylated haemoglobin A1c; ADA = American Diabetes Association; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AP = alkaline phosphatase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; AUC = area under the cureve; BMI = body mass index (kg/m2); BP = blood pressure; CIR = corrected insulin response at peak glucose; CK creatine phosphokinase; CRP = C-reactive protein | ECG = electrocardiogram; FP(B)G = fasting plasma (blood) glucose; GI = gastrointestinal; FFA = free fatty acids; HbA1c = glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; GluPeak = glucose peak; HOMA = homeostasis model assessment (of insulin sensitvity - IR) | I/G = insulinogenic index at peak glucose; ISI = insulin sensitivity index; ISR = insulin secretory rate; MDG = mean daily glucose: MTT = meal tolerance test; PPG = postprandial glucose; QUICKI = quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; TG = triglycerides | | | |
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Table 04 Study populations
| Study ID | [n] randomised | [n] safety | [n] ITT | [n] finished study | comments | | SITAGLIPTIN STUDIES | | | | | | | Aschner 2006 | 741 | 741 | 711 | 639 | efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients -treated population | | Charbonnel 2006 | 701 | 701 | 677 | 608 | efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients-treated population; safety analyses were performed using the all-patients-as-treated population (APaT) | | Goldstein 2007 | 1091 | 1091 | 1056 | 906 | efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients-treated population | | Hanefeld 2007 | 555 | 552 | 535 | 472 | efficacy analyses were based on all-patients-treated population | | Hermansen 2007 | 441 | 441 | 425 | 364 | efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients treated population; safety and tolerability analyses were performed in the all-patients-as treated population: all randomized patients were included in the APaT population | | Nauck 2007 | 1172 | 1172 | 793 | 798 | | | Nonaka 2008 | 152 | 151 | 150 | 140 | primary efficacy analysis was based on the all-patients-treated population | | Raz 2006 | 521 | 521 | 495 | 463 | efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients-treated population | | Rosenstock 2006 | 353 | 353 | 337 | 307 | efficacy analyses were performed on the all-patients-treated population; | | Scott 2007a | 743 | 740 | 725 | 651 | efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients-treated population | | Scott 2007b | 273 | 272 | 266 | 254 | efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients-treated population | | VILDAGLIPTIN STUDIES | | | | | | | Ahren 2004 | 107 | 107 | 107 | 97 | | | Bolli 2008 | 576 | 575 | 510 | 506 | | | Bosi 2007 | 544 | 541 | 416 | 462 | intention to treat (ITT) = primary ITT | | Dejager 2007 | 632 | 625 | 380 | 511 | ITT ( = primary ITT) | | Fonseca 2007 | 296 | 296 | 290 | 238 | | | Garber 2007 | 463 | 462 | 398 | 376 | ITT ( = primary ITT) | | Mimori 2006 | 291 | | | | | | Pi-Sunyer 2007 | 354 | 352 | 340 | 273 | | | Pratley 2006 | 100 | 98 | 98 | 91 | | | Ristic 2005 | 279 | 276 | 272 | nr | | | Rosenstock 2007a | 786 | 782 | 697 | 678 | ITT ( = primary ITT) | | Rosenstock 2007b | 607 | 606 | 592 | 513 | | | Scherbaum 2008 | 306 | nr | 302 | 264 | | | Schweizer 2007 | 780 | 771 | 760 | 569 | | Symbols & abbreviations nr = not reported | | | | | |
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Table 05 Risk of bias: sitagliptin
| Characteristic | Aschner 2006 | Charbonnel 2006 | Goldstein 2007 | Hanefeld 2007 | Hermansen 2007 | Nauck 2007 | Nonaka 2008 | Was the allocation sequence adequately generated? (yes / unclear / no) | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | yes | | Description (of adequate sequence generation) | Quote: "randomized...study" | Quote: "patients were randomly assigned ..." | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Quote: "randomized ... study" Quote: "2 stratification variables were used in the randomization process: (1) OHA status at screening (on or not on an OHA), and (2) HbA1c <=8.5% or >=8.5% prior to randomization" | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Quote: "randomized ... study" Quote: "randomized in a 1:1 ratio" | Quote: "Patients were allocated to treatment assignment using a computer-generated randomized allocation schedule." | Was allocation adequately concealed? (yes / unclear / no) | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | yes | unclear | unclear | | Description (of allocation concealment) | nr | nr | nr | nr | Quote: "An interactive voice response system (IVRS) was used to monitor enrollment and assign study drug and to ensure that approximately 50% of patients were assigned to each stratum..." | nr | nr | Was knowledge of the allocated interventions adequately prevented during the study? (yes / unclear / no) - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | | Description (of blinding) - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | Quote: "double-blind ... study" Quote: "laboratory measurements and ECGs were performed ... by technicians blinded to treatment groups" | Quote: "double-blind ... treatment" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" Quote: "laboratory measurements and ECGs were analyzed ... by personnel blinded to treatment group" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" Quote: "study blinding was maintained using a double-dummy technique with all patients taking study medications twice-daily" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" Quote: "All assays were performed by technicians blinded to treatment sequence" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" | Quote: "double-blind ... trial" Quote: "efficacy and safety laboratory measurements ... by technicians blinded to treatment group" | Were incomplete outcome data adequately addressed? - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (yes / unclear / no) | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | | Description (of incomplete outcome data) - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | Quote: "efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients-treated population ... missing data were handled using the last observation carried forward method" | Quote: "efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients-treated population ... missing data were handled using the last observation carried forward method" | "Quote: "efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients-treated population ... missing data were handled using the last observation carried forward method" | Quote: "efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients-treated population ... missing values were estimated by using the last observation carried forward method" | "Quote: "efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients-treated population ... missing data were handled using the last- observation-carried- forward method" | Quote: "the primary efficacy analysis assessed ... using a per-protocol (PP) approach" Quote: "additional efficacy analyses were based on the all patients-treated (APT) population ... missing values in the APT analysis were handled by the last observation carried forward approach" | Quote: "primary efficacy analysis was conducted on the all-patients-treated set ... the last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing values." | Are reports of the study free of suggestion of selective outcome reporting? (yes / unclear / no) | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | | Description (of selective reporting) | none | none | none | none | none | none | none | Was the study apparently free of other problems that could put it at a high risk of bias? (yes / unclear / no) | yes | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | yes | | Description (of other bias) | none | disparate attrition rates | disparate and high attrition rates | disparate attrition rates | disparate and high attrition rates | disparate and high attrition rates | none | 'yes' = low risk of bias; 'no' = high risk of bias; 'unclear' = otherwise
nr = not reported | | | | | | | |
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Table 06 Risk of bias: sitagliptin
| Characteristic | Raz 2006 | Rosenstock 2006 | Scott 2007a | Scott 2007b | Was the allocation sequence adequately generated? (yes / unclear / no) | unclear | unclear | yes | unclear | | Description (of adequate sequence generation) | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Quote: "patients were randomised based on a computer-generated random allocation schedule" Quote: "two stratification variables were used in the randomisation process: (i) OHA status at screening (on or not on an OHA) and (ii) HbA1c <=8.5% or >8.5% prior to randomisation | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Was allocation adequately concealed? (yes / unclear / no) | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | | Description (of allocation concealment) | nr | nr | nr | nr | Was knowledge of the allocated interventions adequately prevented during the study? (yes / unclear / no) - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | yes | yes | yes | yes | | Description (of blinding) - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | Quote: "double-blind ... study" | Quote: "double-blind ...study" Quote: "all assays were performed by technicians blinded to treatment sequence" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" Quote: "sitagliptin or matching placebo and glipizide or matching placebo" Quote: " by technicians blinded to treatment group" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" Quote: "Laboratory measurements were performed at a central laboratory that was blinded to the patients' treatment assignments" | Were incomplete outcome data adequately addressed? - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (yes / unclear / no) | yes | yes | yes | yes | | Description (of incomplete outcome data) - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | Quote: "all efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients-treated (APT) cohort ... missing data were handled by using the last observation carried forward method" | Quote: "efficacy analyses were performed on the all-patients-treated (APT) population ... missing data were imputed by using the last-observation-carried-forward method" | Quote: "efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients-treated population ... missing data were handled using the last observation carried forward method" | Quote: "efficacy analyses were based on the all-patients-treated population ... missing data were handled using the last observation carried forward method" | Are reports of the study free of suggestion of selective outcome reporting? (yes / unclear / no) | yes | yes | yes | yes | | Description (of selective reporting) | none | none | none | none | Was the study apparently free of other problems that could put it at a high risk of bias? (yes / unclear / no) | unclear | yes | unclear | unclear | | Description (of other bias) | disparate attrition rates | none | disparate attrition rates | disparate attrition rates | 'yes' = low risk of bias; 'no' = high risk of bias; 'unclear' = otherwise
nr = not reported | | | | |
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Table 07 Risk of bias: vildagliptin
| Characteristic | Ahren 2004 | Bolli 2008 | Bosi 2007 | Dejager 2007 | Fonseca 2007 | Garber 2007 | Mimori 2006 | Was the allocation sequence adequately generated? (yes / unclear / no) | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | | Description (of adequate sequence generation) | Quote: "randomized ... trial" | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Quote: "randomised ... study" | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Was allocation adequately concealed? (yes / unclear / no) | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | | Description (of allocation concealment) | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | Was knowledge of the allocated interventions adequately prevented during the study? (yes / unclear / no) - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | | Description (of blinding) - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | Quote: "double-blind ... trial" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" | Were incomplete outcome data adequately addressed? - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (yes / unclear / no) | yes | unclear | yes | yes | yes | yes | unclear | | Description (of incomplete outcome data) - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | Quote: "the primary efficacy variable ... in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population, with the last observation carried forward " | Quote: "the primary efficacy variable ... in the per protocol (PP) population using last observation carried forward for patients who discontinued early" | Quote: "the primary efficacy variable ... using last observation carried forward for patients who discontinued early " Quote: "the primary intent-to-treat (ITT) population ... was prespecified as the main efficacy population" | Quote: "the primary efficacy variable ... using last observation carried forward (LOCF) for patients who discontinued early" Quote: "primary ITT poplation ... ITT population ... " | Quote: "the primary efficacy variable ... in the intent-to-treat population with last observation carried forward (LOCF) for patients with no meadurement for week 24" | Quote: "the primary efficacy variable ... using last observation carried forward for patients who discontinued early" Quote: "primary ITT poplation ... was referred to as the main efficacy population" | nr | Are reports of the study free of suggestion of selective outcome reporting? (yes / unclear / no) | yes | unclear | yes | yes | yes | yes | unclear | | Description (of selective reporting) | none | no intention-to-treat analysis | none | none | none | none | abstract only | Was the study apparently free of other problems that could put it at a high risk of bias? (yes / unclear / no) | yes | yes | yes | unclear | yes | unclear | unclear | | Description (of other bias) | none | none | none | disparate attrition rates | none | disparate attrition rates | abstract only | 'yes' = low risk of bias; 'no' = high risk of bias; 'unclear' = otherwise
nr = not reported | | | | | | | |
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Table 08 Risk of bias: vildagliptin
| Characteristic | Pi-Sunyer 2007 | Pratley 2006 | Ristic 2005 | Rosenstock 2007a | Rosenstock 2007b | Scherbaum 2008 | Schweizer 2007 | Was the allocation sequence adequately generated? (yes / unclear / no) | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | | Description (of adequate sequence generation) | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Quote: "randomized ... study" | Was allocation adequately concealed? (yes / unclear / no) | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear | | Description (of allocation concealment) | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | Was knowledge of the allocated interventions adequately prevented during the study? (yes / unclear / no) - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | | Description (of blinding) - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | Quote: "double-blind ... study" | Quote: "double-masked ... study" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" Quote: "treatment blinding was maintained with a double-dummy technique" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" | Quote: "double-blind ... study" | Were incomplete outcome data adequately addressed? - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (yes / unclear / no) | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | unclear | yes | | Description (of incomplete outcome data) - glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | Quote: "the primary efficacy variable ... in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population ... using last observation carried forward (LOCF) for patients who discontinued early" | Quote: "the primary efficacy variable ... in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population ... with the last observation carried forward (LOCF)" | Quote: "last observation carried forward was used where no data were available for week 12 ... all analyses were performed using the intent-to-treat population" | Quote: "the primary efficacy variable ... using the observation carried forward for patients who discontinued early ... efficacy analyses were performed with data from the primary ITT population, which was prespecified as the main efficacy population" | Quote: "the primary efficacy variable ... in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population using last observation carried forward for patients who discontinued early" | Quote: "the primary efficacy variable ... using last observation carried forward for patients who discontinued early" | Quote: "the primary efficacy variable ... in the ITT population using last observation carried forward for patients who discontinued early" | Are reports of the study free of suggestion of selective outcome reporting? (yes / unclear / no) | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | unclear | yes | | Description (of selective reporting) | none | none | none | none | none | no description of intention-to-treat analysis | none | Was the study apparently free of other problems that could put it at a high risk of bias? (yes / unclear / no) | unclear | yes | unclear | yes | unclear | yes | unclear | | Description (of other bias) | disparate attrition rates | none | attrition rates are not described | no | disparate attrition rates | none | high attrition rates | 'yes' = low risk of bias; 'no' = high risk of bias; 'unclear' = otherwise
nr = not reported | | | | | | | |
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Table 09 Baseline characteristics: sitagliptin
| Characteristic | Aschner 2006 | Charbonnel 2006 | Goldstein 2007 | Hanefeld 2007 | Hermansen 2007 | Nauck 2007 | Nonaka 2008 | | Intervention 1 (I1) / intervention 2 (I2) / control 1 (C1) | I1:sitagliptin 100mg o.d. I2: sitagliptin 200mg o.d. C1: placebo | I1:sitagliptin 100mg o.d.+ metformin >= 1500mg/day C1: placebo+ metf >= 1500mg/day | I1: sitagliptin 50 mg b.i.d. + metformin 500mg b.i.d. I2: sitagliptin 50 mg b.i.d.+ metformin 1000md b.i.d. I3: sitagliptin 100mg o.d. C1: placebo C2: metformin 500mg b.i.d. C3: metformin 1000mg b.i.d. | I1: sitagliptin 25mg o.d. I2: sitagliptin 50mg o.d. I3: sitagliptin 100mg o.d. I4: sitagliptin 50mg b.i.d. C1: placebo | I1: sitagliptin 100mg o.d.+ glimepiride >= 4mg/day I2: sitagliptin 100mg o.d. + glimepiride >= 4 mg/day + metformin >= 1500mg/day C1: placebo + glimepiride >= 4mg/day C2: placebo + glimepiride >=4mg/day + metformin >= 1500mg/day | I1: sitagliptin 100mg o.d.+ metformin >= 1500 mg/day C1: glipizide uptitr. 5 - 20mg/day + metformin >= 1500 mg/day | I1: sitagliptin 100mg o.d. C1: placebo | | [n] (I1/ I2 / C1 / total) | I1: 238 I2: 250 C1: 253 Total: 741 | I1: 464 C1: 237 Total: 701 | I1: 190 I2: 182 I3: 179 C1: 176 C2: 182 C3: 182 Total: 1091 | I1: 111 I2: 112 I3: 110 I4: 111 C1: 111 Total: 555 | I1: 106 I2: 116 C1: 106 C2: 113 Total: 441 | I1: 588 C1: 584 Total: 1172 | I1:75 C1: 76 Total: 151 | | Sex [n,%] | I1: female 102 (42.9); male 136 (57.1) I2: female 133 (53.2); male 117 (46.8) C1: female 123 (46.8); male 130 (51.4) | I1: female 205 (44.2); male 259 (55.8) C1: female 96 (40.5); male 141 (59.5) | I1: female 85 (44.7) ; male 105 (55.3) I2: female 105 (57.7); male 77 (42.3) I3: female 86 (48.0); male 93 (52.0) C1: female 83 (47.2); male 93 (52.8) C2: female 93 (51.1); male 89 (48.9) C3: female 100 (54.9); male 82 (45.1) | I1: female 54 (48.6); male 57 (51.4) I2: female 61 (54.5); male 51 (45.5) I3: female 49 (44.5); male 61 (55.5) I4: female 62 (55.9); male 49 (44.1) C1: female 41 (36.9); male 70 (63.1) | I1: female 50 (47.2); male 56 (52.8) I2: female 55 (47.4); male 61 (52.6) C1: female 48 (45.3); male 58 (54.7) C2: female 54 (47.8); male 59 (52.2) | I1: female 252 (42.9); male 336 (57.1) C1: female 226 (38.7); male 358 (61.3) | I1: female 30 (40); male 45 (60) C1: female 26 (34); male 50 (66) | | Age [years] mean (SD) | I1: 53.4 (9.5) I2: 54.9 (10.1) C1: 54.3 (10.1) | I1: 54.4 (10.4) C1: 54.7 (9.7) | I1: 54.1 (10.0) I2: 53.3 (9.6) I3: 53.3 (10.2) C1: 53.6 (10.0) C2: 53.4 (10.2) C3: 53.2 (9.6) | I1: 55.1 (9.6) I2: 55.3 (10.3) I3: 56.0 (7.9) I4: 55.2 (9.5 ) C1: 55.9 (9.3) | I1: 54.4 (10.3) I2: 56.5 (8.8) C1: 55.2 (10.2) C2: 57.7 (8.9) | I1: 56.8 (9.3) C1: 56.6 (9.8) | I1: 55.6 (8.6) C1: 55.0 (8.0) | | Ethnic groups [%] | I1: asian 13.4; black 4.2; hispanic 24.4; caucasian: 51.3; other 6.7 I2: asian 14.8: black 4.8; hispanic 21.2; caucasian 52.8; other 6.4 C1: asian 13.4; black 6.3; hispanic 25.3; caucasian 50.2; other 4.7 | I1: asian 10.6; black 6.7; hispanic 15.5; white 63.1; other 4.1 C1: asian 11.0; black 5.9; hispanic 11.8; white 67.1; other 4.2 | I1: white 53.7; black 6.8; hispanic 28.9; asian 4.7; other 5.8 I2: white 52.2; black 7.7; hispanic 26.9; asian 6.0; other 7.1 I3: white 52.0; black 6.1; hispanic 29.1; asian 3.4; other 9.5 C1: white 46.0; black 9.7; hispanic 26.7; asian 6.8; other 10.8 C2: white 47.8; black 6.6; hispanic 30.2; asian 7.7; other 7.7 C3: white 58.2; black 4.9; hispanic 21.4; asian 5.5; other 9.9 | I1: asian 0.9; black 3.6; white 88.3; other 7.2 I2: asian 0; black 8.0; white 85.7; other 6.3 I3: asian 0; black 5.5; white 88.2; other 6.4 I4: asian 0.9; black 6.3; white 81.1; other 11.7 C1: asian 0.9; black 7.2; white 78.4; other 13.5 | I1: caucasian 57.5; black 6.6; hispanic 24.5; asian 5.7; other 5.7 I2: caucasian 64.7; black 2.6; hispanic 11.2; asian 13.8; other 7.8 C1: caucasian 55.7; black 2.8; hispanic 23.6; asian11.3; other 6.6 C2: caucasian 71.7; black 8.0; hispanic 6.2; asian 11.5; other 2.7 | I1: caucasian: 73.5; black: 7.0; hispanic 7.3; asian: 8.5; other: 3.7 C1: caucasian: 74.3; black: 6.0; hispanic: 7.9; asian: 8.4; other: 3.4 | I1: japanese 100% C1: japanese 100 % | | Duration of disease [years] mean (SD) | I1: 4.3 (4.9) I2: 4.3 (4.7) C1: 4.6 (4.7) | I1: 6.0 (5.0) C1: 6.6 (5.5) | I1: 4.5 (4.7) I2: 4.4 (4.2) I3: 4.4 (4.6) C1: 4.6 (4.9) C2: 4.5 (3.9) C3: 4.4 (4.4) | I1: 3.6 (3.4) I2: 3.3 (3.9) I3: 3.6 (3.9) I4: 4.5 (5.9) C1: 3.3 (3.4) | I1: 7.2 (5.0) I2: 9.3 (5.7) C1: 8.0 (6.5) C2: 10.6 (6.8) | I1: 6.5 (6.1) C1: 6.2 (5.4) | I1: 4.0 (4.1) C1: 4.1 (4.6) | | Body mass index [kg/m2] mean (SD) | I1: 30.3 (5.2) I2: 30.3 (5.4) C1: 30.8 (5.5) | I1: 30.9 (5.3) C1: 31.5 (4.9) | I1: 32.1 (6.7) I2: 32.4 (6.6) I3: 31.2 (5.9) C1: 32.5 (6.7) C2: 32.1 (6.8) C3: 32.2 (7.1) | I1: 31.9 (4.8) I2: 31.6 (4.9) I3: 31.6 (5.8) I4: 32.7 (4.8) C1: 31.4 (5.1) | I1: 31 (6.7) I2: 31.3 (5.9) C1: 30.7 (6.4) C2: 30.7 (6.2) | I1: 31.2 (5.0) C1: 31.3 (5.2) | I1: 25.2 (3.5) C1: 25.1 (3.2) | | Pharmaco-naive patients [n,%] | I1: 124 (52.1) I2: 125 (50) C1: 129 (51.0) | I1: 27 (5.8) C1: 14 (5.9) | I1: 102 (53.7) I2: 88 ( 48.4) I3: 91 (50.8) C1: 88 (50.0) C2: 91 (50.0) C3: 90 (49.5) | I1: 41 (36.9) I2: 39 (34.8) I3: 41 (37.3) I4: 38 (34.2) C1: 39 (35.1) | I1: 11 (10.4) I2: 0 C1: 8 (7.5) C2: 3 (2.7) | I1: 25 (4.3) C1: 28 (4.8) | I1: 36 (48.0) C1: 29 (38.2) | | HbA1c [%] mean (SD) | I1: 8.01 (0.88) I2: 8.08 (0.94) C1: 8.03 (0.82) | I1: 7.96 (0.81) C1: 8.03 (0.82) | I1: 8.8 (1.0) I2: 8.7 (0.9) I3: 8.9 (1.0) C1: 8.7 (1.0) C2: 8.9 (1.0) C3: 8.7 (0.9) | I1: 7.7 (0.9) I2: 7.6 (1.0) I3: 7.8 (0.9) I4: 7.8 (0.9) C1: 7.6 (0.9) | I1: 8.42 (0.79) I2: 8.27 (0.73) C1: 8.43 (0.80) C2: 8.26 (0.68) | I1: 7.7 (0.9) C1: 7.6 (0.9) | I1: 7.5 (0.9) C1: 7.7 (0.9) | | Notes | | | | | | | | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear I = intervention; C = control | | | | | | | |
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Table 10 Baseline characteristics: sitagliptin
| Characteristic | Raz 2006 | Rosenstock 2006 | Scott 2007a | Scott 2007b | | Intervention 1 (I1) / intervention 2 (I2) / control 1 (C1) | I1: sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. I2: sitagliptin 200mg o.d. C1: placebo | I1: sitagliptin 100mg o.d.+ pioglitazone 30 or 45mg/day C1: placebo + pioglitazone 30 or 45mg/day | I1: sitagliptin 5mg b.i.d. I2: sitagliptin 12,5mg b.i.d. I3: sitagliptin 25mg b.i.d. I4: sitagliptin 50mg b.i.d. C1: placebo C2: glipizide uptitr 5-20 mg | I1: sitagliptin 100mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500mg/day C1: rosiglitazone 8mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500mg/day C2: placebo + metformin >=1500 mg/day | | [n] (I1/ I2 / C1 / total) | I1: 205 I2: 206 C1: 110 Total: 521 | I1: 175 C1: 178 Total: 353 | I1: 125 I2: 123 I3: 123 I4: 124 C1: 125 C2: 123 Total: 743 | I1: 94 C1: 87 C2: 92 Total: 273 | | Sex [n,%] | I1: female 95 (46.3); male 110 (53.7) I2: female 102 (49.5); male 104 (50.5) C1: female 41 (37.3); male 69 (62.7) | I1: female 82 (46.9); male 95 (53.1) C1: female 75 (42.1); male 103 (57.9) | I1: female 63 (50.4); male 62 (49.6) I2: female 64 (52.0); male 59 (48.0) I3: female 52 (42.3); male 71 (57.7) I4: female 59 (47.6); male 65 (52.4) C1: female 47 (37.6); male 78 (62.4) C2: female 53 (43.1); male 70 (56.9) | I1: female 42 (45); male 52 (55) C1: female 32 (37); male 55 (63) C2: female 38 (41); male 54 (59) | | Age [years] mean (SD) | I1: 54.5 (10.0) I2: 55.4 (9.2) C1: 55.5 (10.1) | I1: 55.6 (10.4) C1: 56.9 (11.1) | I1: 55.1 (9.5) I2: 56.2 (9.0) I3: 55.6 (9.0) I4: 55.1 (9.8) C1: 55.3 (9.7) C2: 54.7 (10.7) | I1: 55.2 (9.8) C1: 54.8 (10.5) C2: 55.3 (9.3) | | Ethnic groups [%] | I1: white 69.3; black 7.8; hispanic 18.0; asian 3.9; other 1.0 I2: white 70.9; black 5.3; hispanic 18.9; asian 3.4; other 1.5 C1: white 61.8; black 10.9; hispanic 20.0; asian 4.5; other 2.7 | I1: white 72.6; hispanic 12.0; black 6.3; asian 5.7; other 3.4 C1: white 72.5; hispanic 12.4; black 6.7; asian 2.8; other 5.6 | I1: asian 5.6; black 6.4; multi-racial 6.4; white 68.8; other 12.8 I2: asian 4.9; black 4.9; multi-racial 5.7; white 63.4; other 21.1 I3: asian 4.9; black 8.9; multi-racial 6.5; white 61; other 18.7 I4: asian 2.4; black 4.8; multi-racial 7.3; white 69.4; other 16.1 C1: asian 2.4; black 8.0; multi-racial 7.2; white 66.4; other 16.0 C2: | I1: caucasian 61; asian 38; others 1 C1: caucasian 59; asian 38; others 3 C2: caucasian 61; asian 39; others 0 | | Duration of disease [years] mean (SD) | I1: 4.5 (4.3) I2: 4.5 (3.9) C1: 4.7 (5.0) | I1: 6.1 (5.4) C1: 6.1 (5.7) | I1: 4.3 (4.1) I2: 4.9 (5.0) I3: 5.0 (5.2) I4: 4.2 (4.0) C1: 4.8 (4.7) C2: 4.7 (4.2) | I1: 4.9 (3.5) C1: 4.6 (4.0) C2: 5.4 (3.7) | | Body mass index [kg/m2] mean (SD) | I1: 31.8 (5.3) I2: 32.0 (5.3) C1: 32.5 (5.2) | I1: 32.0 (5.2) C1: 31.0 (5.0 | I1: 30.8 (5.1) I2: 30.5 (5.0) I3: 31.4 (6.9) I4: 30.4 (4.9) C1: 31.6 (5.8) C2: 30.6 (5.3) | I1: 30.3 (4.7) C1: 30.4 (5.5) C2: 30.0 (4.5) | | Pharmaco-naive patients [n,%] | I1: 87 (42.4) I2: 86 (41.7) C1: 40 (36.4) | I1: 14 (8.0) C1: 20 (11.3) * | I1: ? I2: ? I3: ? I4: ? C1: ? C2: ? | I1: 0 C1: 0 C2: 0 | | HbA1c [%] mean (SD) | I1: 8.0 (0.8) I2: 8.1 (0.9) C1: 8.0 (0.9) | I1: 8.1 (0.8) § C1: 8.0 (0.8) | I1: 7.9 (1.0) I2: 7.9 (0.9) I3: 7.9 (0.9) I4: 7.8 (1.0) C1: 7.9 (1.0) C2: 7.9 (1.0) | I1: 7.8 (1.0) C1: 7.7 (0.8) C2: 7.7 (0.9) | | Notes | | * n = 177 § n = 174 | | | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear I = intervention; C = control | | | | |
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Table 11 Baseline characteristics: vildagliptin
| Characteristic | Ahren 2004 | Ahren 2005 | Bolli 2008 | Bosi 2007 | Dejager 2007 | Fonseca 2007 | Garber 2007 | | Intervention 1 (I1) / intervention 2 (I2) / control 1 (C1) | I1: vildagliptin 50mg q.d.+ metformin 1500- 3000mg/day C1: placebo + metformin 1500- 3000mg/day | I1: vildagliptin 50mg o.d.+ metformin 1500- 3000mg/day C1: placebo + metformin 1500- 3000mg/day | I1: vildagliptin 100 mg/day + metformin >= 1500 mg/day C1: pioglitazone 30 mg/day + metformin >= 1500 mg/day | I1: vildagliptin 50mg o.d.+ metformin >= 1500mg/day I2: vildagliptin 100mg o.d.+ metformin >= 1500mg/day C1: placebo + metformin >=1500mg/day | I1: vildagliptin 50mg o.d. I2: vildagliptin 50mg b.i.d.. I3: vildagliptin 100mg o.d. C1: placebo | I1: vildagliptin 50mg b.i.d.+ insulin C1: placebo + insulin | I1: vildagliptin 50mg o.d.+ pio 45mg o.d. I2: vildagliptin100mg o.d.+ pio 45mg o.d. C1: placebo + pio 45mg o.d. | | [n] (I1/ I2 / C1 / total) | I1: 56 C1: 51 Total: 107 * | I1: 31 C1: 26 Total: 57 * | I1: 295 C1: 281 Total: 576 | I1: 143 I2: 143 C1: 130 Total: 416 * | I1: 104 I2: 90 I3: 92 C1: 94 Total: 380 * | I1: 144 C1: 152 Total: 296 | I1: 124 I2: 136 C1: 138 Total: 398 * | | Sex [n,%] | I1: female 17 (30.4); male 39 (69.6) C1: female 17 (33.3); male 34 (66.7) ** | I1: female 9 (29); male 22 (71) C1: female 6 (23); male 20 (77) ** | I1: female 113 (38.3); male 182 (61.7) C1: female 101 (35.9); male 180 (64.1)** | I1: female 61 (42.7); male 82 (57.3) I2: female 55 (38.5); male 88 (61.5) C1: female 61 (46.9); male 69 (53.1) | I1: female 61 (58.7); male 43 (41.3) I2: female 48 (53.3); male 42 (46.7) I3: female 43 (46.7); male 49 (53.3) C1: female 49 (52.1); male 45 (47.9) | I1: female 75 (52.1); male 69 (47.9) C1: female 69 (45.4); male 83 (54.6) ** | I1: female 56 (45.2); male 68 (54.8) I2: female 75 (55.1); male 61 (44.9) C1: 68 (49.3); male 70 (50.7) | | Age [years] mean (SD) | I1: 57.9 (10.0) C1: 55.7 (11.0) | I1: 57.5 (9.2) C1: 55.9 (10.0) | I1: 56.3 (9.3) C1: 57.0 (9.7) | I1: 54.3 (9.7) I2: 53.9 (9.5) C1: 54.5 (10.3) | I1: 55.3 (11.4) I2: 52.8 (9.6) I3: 53.6 (10.8) C1: 52.2 (11.2) | I1: 59.6 (10.3) C1: 58.9 (10.8) | I1: 54.0 (8.2) I2: 54.0 (9.2) C1: 54.8 (10.6) | | Ethnic groups [%] | I1: asian 1.8; caucasian 98.2 § C1: ? | I1: N C1: N | I1: caucasian 82.4; hispanic or latino 8.5; asian (non-indian subcontinent)4.1; black 3.0; all others 2.0 C1: caucasian 81.9; hispanic or latino 10.3; asian (non-indian subcontinent) 3.9; black 2.5; all others 1.4 | I1: caucasian 74.1; hispanic or latino 16.8; black 6.3; all other 2.8 I2: caucasian 74.1; hispanic or latino 13.3; black 9.1; all other 3.5 C1: caucasian 73.1; hispanic or latino 18.5; black 6.9; all other 1.5 | I1: caucasian 73.1; hispanic or latino 13.5; black 9.6; all other 3.8 I2: caucasian 73.3; hispanic or latino13.3; black 10.0; all other 33.4 I3: caucasian 76.1; hispanic or latino 15.2; black 4.3; all other 4.4 C1: cucasian 69.1; hispanic or latino 11.7; black 12.8; all other 6.4 | I1: black 15.3; white 70.1; hispanic or latino 11.8; all others 2.8 C1: black 11.2; white 72.4; hispanic or latino 14.5; all others 2.0 | I1: caucasian 83.9; hispanic or latino 9.7; black 4.8; all other 1.6 I2: caucasian 79.4; hispanic or latino 8.8; black 8.1; all other 3.7 C1: caucasian 78.3; hispanic or latino 7.2; black 9.4; all other 5.1 | | Duration of disease [years] mean (SD) | I1: 5.6 (4.2) C1: 5.5 (3.7) | I1: 5.6 (4.2) C1: 5.5 (3.7) | I1: 6.4 (4.9) C1: 6.4 (5.2) | I1: 6.8 (5.5) I2: 5.8 (4.7) C1: 6.2 (5.3) | I1: 2.1 (3.6) I2: 2.1 (3.3) I3: 2.4 (4.2) C1: 1.6 (2.5) | I1: 14.4 (8.6) C1: 14.9 (8.4) | I1: 4.7 (4.3) I2: 4.6 (4.8) C1: 4.8 (4.6) | | Body mass index [kg/m2] mean (SD) | I1: 29.4 (3.6) C1: 30.2 (3.6) | I1: 29.3 (3.6) C1: 29.8 (3.5) | I1: 32.2 (5.6) C1: 32.1 (5.1) | I1: 32.1 (5.3) I2: 32.9 (5.0) C1: 33.2 (6.1) | I1: 32.9 (6.0) I2: 33.3 (4.8) I3: 32.4 (6.1) C1: 32.6 (5.6) | I1: 33.3 (5.2) C1: 32.9 (5.9) | I1: 32.6 (5.0) I2: 32.2 (5.8) C1: 32.3 (5.8) | | Pharmaco-naive patients [n,%] | I1: 0 C1: 0 | I1: 0 C1: 0 | I1: 0 C1: 0 | I1: 0 I2: 0 C1: 0 | I1: 100% § I2: 100% § I3: 100% § C1: 100% § | I1: 0 C1: 0 | I1: 0 I2: 0 C1: 0 | | HbA1c [%] mean (SD) | I1: 7.7 (0.6) C1: 7.8 (0.7) | I1: 7.6 (0.6) C1: 7.8 (0.7) | I1: 8.4 (1.0) C1: 8.4 (0.9) | I1: 8.4 (0.9) I2: 8.4 (1.0) C1: 8.3 (0.9) | I1: 8.2 (0.8) I2: 8.6 (0.8) I3: 8.4 (0.8) C1: 8.4 (0.8) | I1: 8.4 (1.0) C1: 8.4 (1.1) | I1: 8.6 (1.0) I2: 8.7 (1.2) C1: 8.7 (1.2) | | Notes | * Data ITT ( = randomized population) for the 12 -week core study **sex: females calculated § ethnic group calculated | * pat. completing 52 weeks with participation in all meal tests ** sex calculated | ** sex calculated for females | * primary ITT population for all baseline characteristics. Randomised: I1: 177 I2: 185 C1: 182 Total: 544 | * primary ITT population for all baseline characteristics. Randomised: I1: 163 I2: 152 I3: 157 C1: 160 Total: 632 § Drug-naive = no oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) for at least 12 weeks prior to screening and no OAD for > 3 consecutive months at any time in the past | ** sex: females calculated | * primary ITT population for all baseline characteristics Randomised: I1: 147 I2: 158 C1: 158 Total: 463 | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear I = intervention; C = control | | | | | | | |
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Table 12 Baseline characteristics: vildagliptin
| Characteristic | Characteristic | Pi-Sunyer 2007 | Pratley 2006 | Ristic 2005 | Rosenstock 2007a | Rosenstock 2007b | Scherbaum 2008 | Schweizer 2007 | | Intervention 1 (I1) / intervention 2 (I2) / control 1 (C1) | I1: vildagliptin 50mg o.d. I2: vildagliptin 50mg b.i.d.. I3: vildagliptin 100mg o.d. C1: placebo | I1: vildagliptin 25mg b.i.d. C1: placebo b.i.d. | I1: vildagliptin 25mg b.i.d. I2: vildagliptin 25mg o.d. I3: vildagliptin 50mg o.d. I4: vildagliptin 100mg o.d. C1: placebo | I1: vildagliptin 100mg o.d. C1: rosiglitazone 8mg o.d. | I1: vildagliptin 100mg o.d. I2: vilda 100mg o.d. + pio 30mg o.d. I3: vilda 50 mg o.d.+ pio 15mg o.d. C1: pioglitazone 30mg o.d. | I1: vildagliptin 100mg/ day C1: metformin 2000 mg/day | I1: vildagliptin 50mg o.d. C1: placebo | I1: vildagliptin 100 mg/day C1: metformin 2000 mg/day | | [n] (I1/ I2 / C1 / total) | I1: 88 I2: 83 I3: 91 C1: 92 Total: 354 | I1: 70 C1: 28 Total: 98 * | I1: 51 I2: 54 I3: 53 I4: 63 C1: 58 Total: 279 | I1: 459 C1: 238 Total: 697 * | I1: 154 I2: 148 I3: 144 C1: 161 Total: 607 | I1: 526 C1: 254 | I1:156 C1: 150 Total: 306 | I1: 526 C1: 254 Total: 780 | | Sex [n,%] | I1: female 39 (44.3); male 49 (55.7) I2: female 36 (43.4); male 47 (56.6) I3: female 42 (46.2); male 49 (53.8) C1: female 42 (45.7); male 50 (54.3) | I1: female 42 (60.0); male 28 (40.0) C1: female 14 (50.0); male 14 (50.0) | I1: female 27 (52.9); male 24 (47.1) I2: female 20 (37.0); male 34 (63.0) I3: female 27 (50.9); male 26 (49.1) I4: female 28 (44.4); male 35 (55.6) C1: female 25 (43.1); male 33 (56.9) | I1: female 195 (42.5); male 264 (57.5) C1: female 101(42.4); male 137 (57.6) | I1: female 56 (36.4); male 98 (63.6) I2: female 62 (41.9); male 86 (58.1) I3: female 60 (41.7); male 84 (58.3) C1: female58 (36.0); male 103 (64.0) | I1: female 248 (47.1); male 278 (52.9) C1: female 108 (42.5); male 146 (57.5) | I1: female 63 (40.4); male 93 (59.6) C1: female 61 (40.6); male 89 (59.3)** | I1: female 248 (47.1); male 278 (52.9) C1: female 108 (42.5); male 146 (57.5) | | Age [years] mean (SD) | I1: 50.6 (10.4) I2: 50.2 (12.7) I3: 52.0 (11.7) C1: 52.0 (12.0) | I1:56.9 (9.4) C1: 52.8 (10.0) | I1: 55.6 (10.9) I2: 57.4 (10.2) I3: 57.0 (10.2) I4: 56.2 (10.1) C1: 54.6 (10.6) | I1: 54.5 (11.7) C1: 54.2 (11.6) | I1: 51.4 (10.8) I2: 51.0 (11.3) I3: 51.0 (11.0) C1: 52.4 (10.3) | I1: 52.8 (11.7) C1: 53.6 (10.2) | I1: 63.3 (10.2) C1: 62.8 (11.0) | I1: 52.8 (11.7) C1: 53.6 (10.2) | | Ethnic groups [%] | I1: caucasian 54.5; hispanic or latino 18.2; asian 15.9 (indian subcontinent); asian 3.4 (non-indian subcontinent); black 8.0 I2: caucasian 53.0; hispanic or latino 21.7; asian 18.1 (indian subcontinent); asian 1.2 (non-indian subcontinent); black 6.0 I3: caucasian 58.2; hispanic or latino 12.1; asian 16.5 (subcontinent); asian 1.1 (non-indian subcontinent); black 12.1 C1: caucasian 51.1; hispanic or latino 18.5; asian 16.3 (indian subcontinent); asian 1.1 (non-indian subcontinent); black 13.0 | I1: black 2.9; caucasian 47.1; oriental 1.4; other 48.6 C1: black 0; caucasian 46.4; oriental 0; other 53.6 | I1: caucasian 80.4 I2: caucasian 79.6 I3: caucasian 77.4 I4: caucasian 74.6 C1: caucasian 87.9 | I1: caucasian 79.5; hispanic or latino 11.1; black 5.9; all other 3.5 C1: caucasian 79.8; hispanic or latino 12.2; black 4.6; all other 3.4 | I1: asian 45.5; caucasian 39.0; hispanic or latino 11.0; all other 4.5 I2: asian 44.7; caucasian 37.8; hispanic or latino 15.5; all other 2.0 I3: asian 47.2; caucasian 36.1; hispanic or latino 10.4; all other 6.3 C1: asian 42.9; caucasian 44.1; hispanic or latino 8.7; all other 4.3 | I1: caucasian 67.9; hispanic or latino 19.8; black 8.0; all other 4.3 C1: caucasian 69.7; hispanic or latino 21.7; black 5.1; all other 3.5 | I1: caucasian 99.4; others 0.6 C1: caucasian 99.3; others 0.7 | I1: caucasian 357 (67.9); hispanic or latino 104 (19.8); black41 (8.0); all other 23 (4.3) C1: caucasian 177 (69.7); hispanic or latino 55 (21.7); black 13 (5.1); all other 9 (3.5) | | Duration of disease [years] mean (SD) | I1: 1.8 (2.7) I2: 2.4 (3.2) I3: 2.1 (2.9) C1: 2.5 (3.7) | I1: 4.6 (5.6) C1: 3.5 (5.7) | I1: 3.28 (3.81) I2: 3.10 (5.16) I3. 2.71 (3.24) I4: 3.03 (4.22) C1: 2.28 (2.99) | I1: 2.3 (3.4) C1: 2.7 (4.2) | I1: 1.9 (3.1) I2: 2.0 (3.1) I3: 2.0 (3.2) C1: 2.2 (3.3) | I1: 1.05 (IQR 3.54) C1: 1.03 (IQR 3.28) | I1: 2.5 (2.9) C1: 2.7 (3.2) | I1: 1.05 (IQR 3.54) C1: 1.03 (IQR 3.28) | | Body mass index [kg/m2] mean (SD) | I1: 31.9 (5.4) I2: 32.2 (6.0) I3: 31.9 (5.0) C1: 32.7 (6.4) | I1: 30.0 (4.5) C1: 29.9 (4.1) | I1: 30.9 (5.23) I2: 31.1 (3.89) I3: 31.0 (3.90) I4: 31.1 (4.01) C1: 31.6 (4.41) | I1: 32.2 (5.7) C1: 32.9 (6.0) | I1: 29.4 (5.8) I2: 29.6 (5.8) I3: 29.0 (5.4) C1: 28.9 (5.5) | I1: 32.4 (5.7) C1: 32.5 (5.7) | I1: 30.4 (4.9) C1: 30.0 (4.9) | I1: 32.4 (5.7) C1: 32.5 (5.7) | | Pharmaco-naive patients [n,%] | I1: 100% § I2: 100% § I3: 100% § C1: 100% § | I1: 100% C1: 100% | I1: ? § I2: ? § I3: ? § I4: ? § C1: ? § | I1: 100% § C1: 100% § | I1: 100% I2: 100% I3: 100% C1: 100% § | I1: 100% § C1: 100% § | I1: 100% § C1: 100% § | I1: 100% § C1: 100% § | | HbA1c [%] mean (SD) | I1: 8.4 (0.9) I2: 8.4 (0.9) I3: 8.3 (0.8) C1: 8.5 (0.8) | I1: 8.0 (0.9) C1: 8.1 (1.2) | I1: 7.64 (0.69) I2: 7.73 (0.80) I3: 7.70 (0.82) I4: 7.64 (0.75) C1: 7.76 (0.83) | I1: 8.7 (1.1) C1: 8.7 (1.1) | I1: 8.6 (1.0) I2: 8.8 (1.1) I3: 8.8 (0.9) C1: 8.7 (1.0) | I1: 8.7 (1.1) C1: 8.7 (1.1) | I1: 6.7 (0.4) C1: 6.8 (0.4) | I1: 8.7 (1.1) C1: 8.7 (1.1) | | Notes | § drug-naive = no oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) for at least 12 weeks prior to screening and no OAD for >3 consecutive months at any time in the past. | * ITT population for baseline characteristics. Randomised: I1: 72 C1: 28 Total: 100 | § "additional exclusion criteria were treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs or sodium channel blockers whitin the previous 12 weeks, combination oral antidiabetic therapy or insulin treatment within 6 months prior to study ". | * primary ITT population for baseline characteristics Randomised: I1: 519 C1: 267 Total: 786 § " these patients had received no pharmacologic treatment for at least 12 weeks before screening and antidiabetic agent for > 3 consecutive months at any time in the past anr were considered to be representative of a drug-naive population. | § patients enrolled in the study: while receiving no pharmacological treatment for at least 12 weeks prior to screening and no OAD for more than 3 consecutive months at any time in the past. | § drug naive = patients who had taken no oral glucose-lowering agents for at least 12 weeks prior to screening and no oral glucose -lowering agents for more than 3 consecutive months at any time in the past . | ** sex calculated for females § drug-naive = patients who had taken no oral glucose-lowering agents for at least 12 weeks prior to screening and no oral glucose-lowering agents for more than three consecutive months at any time inthe past . | § drug naive = patients who had taken no oral glucose-lowering agents for at least 12 weeks prior to screening and no oral glucose-lowering agents for more than three consecutive months at any time inthe past . | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear I = intervention; C = control IQR = interquartile range | | | | | | | | |
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Table 13 Body weight [kg]: sitagliptin
| Study | Dosage [mg] | ITT/HbA1c population | Mean change f. base. | SD | | Aschner 2006 | sita 100 mg o.d. | 229 | -0.2 | 3 | | Aschner 2006 | sita 200 mg o.d. | 238 | -0.1 | 3.1 | | Aschner 2006 | placebo | 244 | -1.1 | 3.1 | | Charbonnel 2006 | sita 100 mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg | 453 | -0.7 | 5.9 | | Charbonnel 2006 | placebo + metformin >= 1500 mg | 224 | -0.6 | 5.9 | | Goldstein 2007 | sita 100 mg o.d. | 175 | 0 | 3.2 | | Goldstein 2007 | sita 50 mg o.d. + metformin 500 mg b.i.d. | | | | | Goldstein 2007 | sita 50 mg o.d. + metformin 1000 mg b.i.d. | | | | | Goldstein 2007 | metformin 500 mg b.i.d. | | | | | Goldstein 2007 | metformin 1000 mg b.i.d. | | | | | Goldstein 2007 | placebo | 165 | -0.9 | 3.2 | | Hanefeld 2007 | sita 25 mg o.d. | 107 | | | | Hanefeld 2007 | sita 50 mg o.d. | 107 | | | | Hanefeld 2007 | sita 100 mg o.d. | 106 | | | | Hanefeld 2007 | sita 50 mg b.i.d. | 108 | | | | Hanefeld 2007 | placebo | 107 | -0.5 | | | Hermansen 2007 | sita 100 mg o.d. + glimepiride >= 4 mg | 103 | 1.1 | 3.4 | | Hermansen 2007 | sita 100 mg o.d. + glimepiride >= 4 mg + metformin >= 1500 mg | 115 | 0.4 | 2.7 | | Hermansen 2007 | placebo + glimepiride >= 4mg | 104 | 0 | 3.4 | | Hermansen 2007 | placebo + glimepiride >= 4 mg + metformin >= 1500 mg | 107 | -0.7 | 3.4 | | Nauck 2007 | sita 100 mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg | 576 | -1.5 | 6.7 | | Nauck 2007 | glipizide 5-20 mg + metformin >= 1500 mg | 559 | 1.1 | 6.6 | | Nonaka 2008 | sita 100 mg o.d. | 75 | -0.1 | | | Nonaka 2008 | placebo | 75 | -0.7 | | | Raz 2006 | sita 100 mg o.d. | 193 | -0.6 | 2.8 | | Raz 2006 | sita 200 mg o.d. | 199 | -0.2 | 3.2 | | Raz 2006 | placebo | 103 | -0.7 | 3.1 | | Rosenstock 2006 | sita 100 mg o.d. + pioglitazone | 163 | 1.8 | 4.2 | | Rosenstock 2006 | placebo + pioglitazone | 174 | 1.5 | 4.4 | | Scott 2007a | sita 5 mg b.i.d. | 122 | | | | Scott 2007a | sita 12.5 mg b.i.d. | 122 | | | | Scott 2007a | sita 25 mg b.i.d. | 120 | | | | Scott 2007a | sita 50 mg b.i.d. | 121 | | | | Scott 2007a | glipizide 5-20 mg | 119 | 0.9 | 2.2 | | Scott 2007a | placebo | 121 | | | | Scott 2007b | sita 100mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg/day | 91 | -0.4 | | | Scott 2007b | rosi 8 mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg/day | 87 | 1.5 | | | Scott 2007b | placebo o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg/day | 88 | -0.8 | | Symbols & abbreviations: ITT = intention-to-treat | | | | |
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Table 14 Body weight [kg]: vildagliptin
| Study | Dosage [mg] | ITT/HbA1c population | Mean change f. base. | SD | | Ahren 2004 | vilda 50 mg o.d. + metformin 1500-3000 mg | 56 | -0.4 | 1.5 | | Ahren 2004 | placebo + metformin 1500-3000 mg | 51 | -0.5 | 1.4 | | Bolli 2008 | vilda 50 mg b.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg/day | 264 | 0.3 | 3.2 | | Bolli 2008 | pio 30 mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg/day | 246 | 1.9 | 3.1 | | Bosi 2007 | vilda 50 mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg | 143 | -0.4 | 3.6 | | Bosi 2007 | vilda 100 mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg | 143 | 0.2 | 3.6 | | Bosi 2007 | placebo + metformin >= 1500 mg | 130 | -1 | 3.4 | | Dejager 2007 | vilda 50 mg o.d. | 104 | -1.8 | 4.1 | | Dejager 2007 | vilda 50 mg b.i.d. | 90 | -0.3 | 3.8 | | Dejager 2007 | vilda 100 mg o.d. | 92 | -0.8 | 3.8 | | Dejager 2007 | placebo | 94 | -1.4 | 3.9 | | Fonseca 2007 | vilda 50 mg b.i.d. + insulin | 140 | 1.3 | 3.5 | | Fonseca 2007 | placebo + insulin | 149 | 0.6 | 3.7 | | Garber 2007 | vilda 50 mg o.d. + pioglitazone 45 mg | 124 | | | | Garber 2007 | vilda 100 mg o.d. + pioglitazone 45 mg | 136 | | | | Garber 2007 | placebo + pioglitazone 45 mg | 138 | 1.4 | 3.5 | | Mimori 2006 | vilda 10 mg b.i.d. | | | | | Mimori 2006 | vilda 25 mg b.i.d. | | | | | Mimori 2006 | vilda 50 mg b.i.d. | | | | | Mimori 2006 | placebo | | | | | Pi-Sunyer 2007 | vilda 50 mg o.d. | 84 | -0.4 | | | Pi-Sunyer 2007 | vilda 50 mg b.i.d. | 79 | -0.4 | | | Pi-Sunyer 2007 | vilda 100 mg o.d. | 89 | -0.4 | | | Pi-Sunyer 2007 | placebo | 88 | -1.4 | 3.8 | | Pratley 2006 | vilda 25 mg b.i.d. | 70 | | | | Pratley 2006 | placebo b.i.d. | 28 | | | | Ristic 2005 | vilda 25 mg b.i.d. | 51 | 0.06 | 2.4? | | Ristic 2005 | vilda 25 mg o.d. | 54 | -0.55 | 2.4? | | Ristic 2005 | vilda 50 mg o.d. | 53 | 0.04 | 2.4? | | Ristic 2005 | vilda 100 mg o.d. | 63 | -0.07 | 2.5? | | Ristic 2005 | placebo | 58 | -0.73 | 2.5? | | Rosenstock 2007a | vilda 100 mg o.d. | 459 | -0.3 | | | Rosenstock 2007a | rosiglitazone 8 mg | 238 | 1.6 | | | Rosenstock 2007b | vilda 100 mg o.d. | 150 | 0.2 | 3.7 | | Rosenstock 2007b | vilda 50 mg o.d. + pioglitazone 15 mg | 139 | 1.4 | 3.5 | | Rosenstock 2007b | vilda 100 mg o.d. + pioglitazone 30 mg | 146 | 2.1 | 3.6 | | Rosenstock 2007b | pioglitazone 30 mg | 157 | 1.5 | 3.8 | | Scherbaum 2008 | vilda 50 mg o.d. | 153 | -0.5 | 3.7 | | Scherbaum 2008 | placebo | 149 | -0.2 | 3.7 | | Schweizer 2007 | vilda 100 mg o.d. | 511 | 0.3 | 4.5 | | Schweizer 2007 | metformin 200 mg | 249 | -1.9 | 4.7 | Symbols & abbreviations: ITT = intention-to-treat | | | | |
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Table 15 Adverse events: sitagliptin
| Characteristic | Aschner 2006 | Aschner 2006 | Aschner 2006 | Charbonnel 2006 | Charbonnel 2006 | Comments | | treatment | sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. | sitagliptin 200 mg o.d. | placebo | sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg | placebo + metformin >= 1500 mg | | | randomised population | 238 | 250 | 253 | 464 | 237
| | | safety population | 238 | 250 | 253 | 464 | 237
| | | deaths | | | | | | | | discontinuation: all | 29 | 36 | 37 | 48 | 45
| | | discontinuation due to adverse effects | 9 | 7 | 10 | 21 | 8
| | | any adverse effect | 180 | 187 | 186 | 307 | 153
| | | serious adverse effects | 14 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 7
| | | abdominal pain | 5 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 9
| | | anxiety | | | | | | | | arthralgia | 3 | 10 | 7 | 14 | 1
| | | asthenia | 3 | 3 | 5 | | | | | back pain | 4 | 5 | 11 | 15 | 6
| | | body weight | | | | | | | | bronchitis | | | | 13 | 6
| | | chest pain | | | | | | | | cholecystitis | | | 1 | | | | | constipation | 9 | 7 | 3 | | | | | cough | 6 | 5 | 8 | 14 | 8
| | | depression | | | | | | | | diarrhea | 11 | 10 | 6 | 12 | 6
| | | dizziness | 3 | 12 | 4 | | | | | dyspepsia | | | | | | | | extremity pain | 3 | 6 | 6 | | | | | flatulence | | | | | | | | gastroenteritis | | | | 4 | 5
| | | gastrointestinal adverse events | 39 | 41 | 29 | 55 | 25
| | | headache | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 7
| | | hypoglycaemic episodes: all | 3 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 5
| | | hypoglycaemic episodes: severe | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | | | increased sweating | | | | | | | | influenza | 11 | 10 | 12 | 20 | 13
| | | nasopharyngitis | 17 | 15 | 12 | 19 | 8
| | | nausea | 5 | 10 | 3 | 6 | 2
| | | peripheral oedema | | | | | | | | sinusitis | 2 | 7 | 6 | | | | | steatohepatitis | 1 | | | | | | | upper respiratory tract infection | 21 | 22 | 22 | 34 | 22
| | | urinary tract infection | 5 | 8 | 7 | 11 | 3
| | | viral infection | 2 | 2 | 5 | | | | | vomiting | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2
| | | weight increase | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | | | worsening hypertension | 6 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 6
| | | infection, total | 48 | 54 | 53 | 77 | 39
| | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear sitagliptin = sitagliptin, vilda = vildagliptin o.d. = once daily | | | | | | |
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Table 16 Adverse events: sitagliptin
| Characteristic | Goldstein 2007 | Goldstein 2007 | Goldstein 2007 | Goldstein 2007 | Goldstein 2007 | Goldstein 2007 | Comments | | treatment | sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. | sitagliptin 50 mg o.d. + metformin 500 mg b.i.d. | sitagliptin 50 mg o.d. + metformin 1000 mg b.i.d. | metformin 500 mg b.i.d. | metformin 1000 mg b.i.d. | placebo | | | randomised population | 179 | 190 | 182 | 182 | 182 | 176
| | | safety population | 179 | 190 | 182 | 182 | 182 | 176
| | | deaths | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
| | | discontinuation: all | 37 | 26 | 18 | 29 | 26 | 49
| | | discontinuation due to adverse effects | 9 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 12
| | | any adverse effect | 96 | 110 | 105 | 101 | 113 | 89
| | | serious adverse effects | 9 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 10
| | | abdominal pain | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 4
| | | anxiety | | | | | | | | | arthralgia | | | | | | | | | asthenia | | | | | | | | | back pain | | | | | | | | | body weight | | | | | | | | | bronchitis | | | | | | | | | chest pain | | | | | | | | | cholecystitis | | | | | | | | | constipation | | | | | | | | | cough | | | | | | | | | depression | | | | | | | | | diarrhea | 5 | 12 | 16 | 9 | 19 | 7
| | | dizziness | | | | | | | | | dyspepsia | | | | | | | | | extremity pain | | | | | | | | | flatulence | | | | | | | | | gastroenteritis | | | | | | | | | gastrointestinal adverse events | 27 | 34 | 45 | 29 | 46 | 19
| | | headache | | | | | | | | | hypoglycaemic episodes: all | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1
| | | hypoglycaemic episodes: severe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | increased sweating | | | | | | | | | influenza | | | | | | | | | nasopharyngitis | | | | | | | | | nausea | 2 | 8 | 10 | 5 | 15 | 2
| | | peripheral oedema | | | | | | | | | sinusitis | | | | | | | | | steatohepatitis | | | | | | | | | upper respiratory tract infection | | | | | | | | | urinary tract infection | | | | | | | | | viral infection | | | | | | | | | vomiting | 0 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 1
| | | weight increase | | | | | | | | | worsening hypertension | | | | | | | | | infection, total | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ?
| | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear sitagliptin = sitagliptin, vilda = vildagliptin o.d. = once daily, b.i.d. = twice daily | | | | | | | |
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Table 17 Adverse events: sitagliptin
| Characteristic | Hanefeld 2007 | Hanefeld 2007 | Hanefeld 2007 | Hanefeld 2007 | Hanefeld 2007 | Comments | | treatment | sitagliptin 25 mg o.d. | sitagliptin 50 mg o.d. | sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. | sitagliptin 50 mg b.i.d. | placebo | | | randomised population | 111 | 112 | 110 | 111 | 111
| | | safety population | 110 | 110 | 110 | 111 | 111
| | | deaths | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
| | | discontinuation: all | 15 | 6 | 18 | 11 | 30
| | | discontinuation due to adverse effects | 4 | 0 | 8 | 4 | 8
| | | any adverse effect | 49 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 38
| | | serious adverse effects | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2
| | | abdominal pain | | | | | | | | anxiety | | | | | | | | arthralgia | | | | | | | | asthenia | | | | | | | | back pain | | | | | | | | body weight | | | | | | | | bronchitis | | | | | | | | chest pain | | | | | | | | cholecystitis | | | | 1 | | | | constipation | | | | | | | | cough | | | | | | | | depression | | | | | | | | diarrhea | | | | | | | | dizziness | | | | | | | | dyspepsia | | | | | | | | extremity pain | | | | | | | | flatulence | | | | | | | | gastroenteritis | | | | | | | | gastrointestinal adverse events | 13 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 15
| | | headache | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | | | hypoglycaemic episodes: all | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0
| | | hypoglycaemic episodes: severe | | | | | | | | increased sweating | | | | | | | | influenza | | | | | | | | nasopharyngitis | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 2 | upper values used | | nausea | | | | | | | | peripheral oedema | | | | | | | | sinusitis | | | | | | | | steatohepatitis | | | | | | | | upper respiratory tract infection | | | | | | | | urinary tract infection | | | | | | | | viral infection | | | | | | | | vomiting | | | | | | | | weight increase | | | | | | | | worsening hypertension | | | | | | | | infection, total | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 2
| | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear sitagliptin = sitagliptin, vilda = vildagliptin o.d. = once daily, b.i.d. = twice daily | | | | | | |
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Table 18 Adverse events: sitagliptin
| Characteristic | Hermansen 2007 | Hermansen 2007 | Hermansen 2007 | Hermansen 2007 | Nauck 2007 | Nauck 2007 | Nonaka 2008 | Nonaka 2008 | Comments | | treatment | sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. + glimepiride >= 4 mg | sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. + glimepiride >= 4 mg + metformin >= 1500 mg | placebo + glimepiride >= 4mg | placebo + glimepiride >= 4 mg + metformin >= 1500 mg | sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg | glipizide 5-20 mg + metformin >= 1500 mg | sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. | placebo | | | randomised population | 106 | 116 | 106 | 113 | 588 | 584
| 76 | 76 | Nauck 2007: APT = 576/ 559. Table 3 for safety with randomised patients | | safety population | 106 | 116 | 106 | 113 | 588 | 584
| 75 | 76 | | | deaths | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2
| 0 | 0 | | | discontinuation: all | 23 | 14 | 19 | 21 | 202 | 172
| 8 | 2 | | | discontinuation due to adverse effects | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 22 | 28 | 0 | 2 | | | any adverse effect | 59 | 73 | 43 | 60 | 419 | 444
| 44 | 49 | | | serious adverse effects | 5 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 43 | 46 | 1 | 3 | Nonaka 2008: serious adverse events + gastrointest. / CNS events calculated | | abdominal pain | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 16 | 12
| | | | | anxiety | | | | | | | | | | | arthralgia | | | | | | | | | | | asthenia | | | | | 18 | 5 | | | | | back pain | | | | | | | | | | | body weight | | | | | | | | | | | bronchitis | | | | | | | | | | | chest pain | | | | | | | | | | | cholecystitis | | | | | | | | | | | constipation | | | | | | | | | | | cough | | | | | | | | | | | decreased blood pressure | | | | | | | | 1 | | | depression | | | | | | | | | | | diarrhea | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 34 | 32
| | | | | dizziness | | | | | 22 | 12 | | | | | dyspepsia | | | | | | | | | | | exfoliative dermatitis with cellulitis | | | | | | | | 2 | | | extremity pain | | | | | 20 | 8 | | | | | flatulence | | | | | | | | | | | gastritis | | | | | | | 1 | | | | gastroenteritis | | | | | | | | | | | gastrointestinal adverse events | 6 | 5 | 2 | 8 | 120 | 113 | 16 | 13 | | | headache | | | | | | | | 1 | | | hypoesthesia | | | | | | | 1 | | | | hypoglycaemic episodes: all | 8 | 19 | 3 | 1 | 50 | 657 | 0 | 0 | | | hypoglycaemic episodes: severe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7
| | | | | increased sweating | | | | | | | | | | | influenza | | | | | | | | | | | myocardial infarction | | | | | | | | 1 | | | nasopharyngitis | | | | | 62 | 44
| | | | | nausea | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 16
| | | | | nervous system disorders | | | | | | | 8 | 5 | | | osteoarthritis | | | | | 15 | 4 | | | | | overdose | | | | | | | 1 | 1 | | | peripheral oedema | | | | | | | | | | | sinusitis | | | | | 19 | 11
| | | | | steatohepatitis | | | | | | | | | | | urinary tract infection | | | | | 32 | 16
| | | | | viral infection | | | | | | | | | | | vomiting | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 9
| | | | | weight increase | | | | | | | | | | | worsening hypertension | | | | | | | | | | | infection, total | | | | | 128 | 75 | 1 | 2 | | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; = unclear sitagliptin = sitagliptin, vilda = vildagliptin o.d. = once daily, b.i.d. = twice daily | | | | | | | | | |
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Table 19 Adverse events: sitagliptin
| Characteristic | Raz 2006 | Raz 2006 | Raz 2006 | Rosenstock 2006 | Rosenstock 2006 | Comments | | treatment | sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. | sitagliptin 200 mg o.d. | placebo | sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. + pioglitazone | placebo + pioglitazone | | | randomised population | 205 | 206 | 110 | 175 | 178
| | | safety population | 205 | 206 | 110 | 175 | 178
| | | deaths | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | | | discontinuation: all | 17 | 22 | 19 | 26 | 20
| | | discontinuation due to adverse effects | 5 | 0 | 4 | 10 | 2
| | | any adverse effect | 102 | 92 | 57 | 84 | 93
| | | serious adverse effects | 8 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 8
| | | abdominal pain | 4 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 0
| Raz 2006: " Additional adverse experiences..in the sitagliptin group...blurred vision, palpitation, arthralgia, headache, hypersensitivity, and a suicide attempt" | | anxiety | | | | | | Raz 2006: GI events =excluding that after initiation of glycaemic rescue therapy with metformin | | arthralgia | 1 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5
| | | asthenia | 2 | 4 | 4 | | | | | back pain | 10 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 5
| | | blood glucose increased | 4 | 1 | 5 | | | | | body weight | | | | | | | | bronchitis | | | | | | | | chest pain | | | | | | | | cholecystitis | | | | | | | | constipation | 4 | 4 | 2 | | | | | cough | 2 | 5 | 2
| | | | | depression | | | | 4 | 2
| | | diarrhea | 9 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 2
| | | dizziness | 4 | 1 | 4
| | | | | dyspepsia | | | | | | | | edema | | | | 3 | 2 | | | extremity pain | 4 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 3
| | | flatulence | | | | | | | | gastrointestinal adverse events | 25 | 19 | 16 | 24 | 11
| | | gastrointestinal adverse events | | | | | | | | headache | 7 | 7 | 3 | 10 | 7
| | | hypertension | 2 | 2 | 4 | | | | | hypoglycaemic episodes: all | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0
| | | hypoglycaemic episodes: severe | | | | 0 | 0
| | | increased sweating | | | | | | | | influenza | 8 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 5
| | | nasopharyngitis | 7 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 7
| | | nausea | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0
| | | osteoarthritis | 4 | 0 | 0 | | | | | peripheral oedema | | | | 7 | 6
| | | sinusitis | 4 | 5 | 3 | | | | | sinus headache | 1 | 0 | 3 | | | | | steatohepatitis | | | | | | | | upper respiratory tract infection | 8 | 6 | 3 | 11 | 6
| | | urinary tract infection | 4 | 6 | 3 | | | | | vertigo | 4 | 0 | 0 | | | | | viral infection | | | | | | | | vomiting | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | weight increase | | | | 5 | 5
| | | infection, total | 27 | 23 | 9 | 18 | 13
| | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear sitagliptin = sitagliptingliptin, vilda = vildagliptin o.d. = once daily, b.i.d. = twice daily | | | | | | |
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Table 20 Adverse events: sitagliptin
| Characteristic | Scott 2007a | Scott 2007a | Scott 2007a | Scott 2007a | Scott 2007a | Scott 2007a | Comments | | treatment | sitagliptin 5 mg b.i.d. | sitagliptin 12.5 mg b.i.d. | sitagliptin 25 mg b.i.d. | sitagliptin 50 mg b.i.d. | glipizide 5-20 mg | placebo | | | randomised population | 125 | 123 | 123 | 124 | 123 | 125
| | | safety population | 124 | 123 | 123 | 122 | 123 | 125
| | | deaths | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
| | | discontinuation: all | 18 | 7 | 15 | 12 | 23 | 17
| | | discontinuation due to adverse effects | 2 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 14 | 0
| | | any adverse effect | 68 | 67 | 76 | 73 | 77 | 67
| | | serious adverse effects | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 4
| | | abdominal pain | | | | | | | | | anxiety | | | | | | | | | arthralgia | | | | | | | | | asthenia | | | | | | | | | back pain | | | | | | | | | body weight | | | | | | | | | bronchitis | | | | | | | | | chest pain | | | | | | | | | cholecystitis | | | | | | | | | constipation | | | | | | | | | cough | | | | | | | | | depression | | | | | | | | | diarrhea | | | | | | | | | dizziness | | | | | | | | | dyspepsia | | | | | | | | | extremity pain | | | | | | | | | flatulence | | | | | | | | | gastroenteritis | | | | | | | | | gastrointestinal adverse events | | | | | | | | | headache | | | | | | | | | hypoglycaemic episodes: all | 0 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 21 | 3
| | | hypoglycaemic episodes: severe | | | | | | | | | increased sweating | | | | | | | | | influenza | | | | | | | | | nasopharyngitis | | | | | | | | | nausea | | | | | | | | | peripheral oedema | | | | | | | | | sinusitis | | | | | | | | | steatohepatitis | | | | | | | | | upper respiratory tract infection | | | | | | | | | urinary tract infection | | | | | | | | | viral infection | | | | | | | | | vomiting | | | | | | | | | weight increase | | | | | | | | | worsening hypertension | | | | | | | | | infection, total | | | | | | | | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear sitagliptin = sitagliptin, vilda = vildagliptin o.d. = once daily, b.i.d. = twice daily | | | | | | | |
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Table 21 Adverse events: sitagliptin
| Characteristic | Scott 2007b | Scott 2007b | Scott 2007b | Comments | | treatment | sitagliptin 100 mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg/day | rosiglitazone 8 mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg/day | placebo o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg/day | | | randomised population | 94 | 87 | 92 | | | safety population | 94 | 87 | 91 | | | deaths | nr | nr | nr | | | discontinuation: all | 9 | 2 | 9 | | | discontinuation due to adverse effects | 4 | 0 | 1 | | | any adverse effect | 37 | 38 | 27 | | | serious adverse effects | 5 | 5 | 5 | | | abdominal pain | 0 | 1 | 1 | | | anxiety | | | | | | arthralgia | 0 | 0 | 1 | | | asthenia | | | | | | back pain | | | | | | body weight | | | | | | bronchitis | | | | | | chest pain | | | | | | cholecystitis | | | | | | constipation | | | | | | coronary artery disease | 1 | 0 | 0 | | | cough | | | | | | depression | | | | | | diarrhea | 3 | 3 | 1 | | | dizziness | | | | | | dyspepsia | | | | | | extremity pain | | | | | | flatulence | | | | | | gastroenteritis | | | | | | gastrointestinal adverse events | 8 | 6 | 8 | | | headache | | | | | | hypoglycaemic episodes: all | 1 | 1 | 2 | | | hypoglycaemic episodes: severe | | | | | | increased sweating | | | | | | influenza | | | | | | nasopharyngitis | 4 | 3 | 3 | | | nausea | 1 | 1 | 2 | | | oedema | 1 | 4 | 1 | | | peripheral coldness | 1 | | | | | sinusitis | | | | | | steatohepatitis | | | | | | upper respiratory tract infection | 4 | 4 | 1 | | | urinary tract infection | | | | | | viral infection | | | | | | vomiting | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | weight increase | | | | | | worsening hypertension | | | | | | infection, total | 8 | 7 | 4 | | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear sitagliptin = sitagliptin, vilda = vildagliptin o.d. = once daily, b.i.d. = twice daily | | | | |
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Table 22 Adverse events: vildagliptin
| Characteristic | Ahren 2004 | Ahren 2004 | Bolli 2008 | Bolli 2008 | Bosi 2007 | Bosi 2007 | Bosi 2007 | Comments | | treatment | vildagliptin 50 mg o.d. + metformin 1500-3000 mg | placebo + metformin 1500-3000 mg | vildagliptin 50 mg b.d.+ metformin >= 1500 mg/day | pioglitazone 30 mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg | vildagliptin 50 mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg | vildagliptin 100 mg o.d. + metformin >= 1500 mg | placebo + metformin >= 1500 mg | | | randomised population | 56 | 51 | 295 | 281 | 177 | 185 | 182
| | | safety population | 56 | 51 | 295 | 280 | 177 | 183 | 181
| | | deaths | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
| | | discontinuation: all | 6 | 4 | 33 | 36 | 24 | 28 | 30
| | | discontinuation due to adverse effects | 0 | 0 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 4
| | | any adverse effect | 29 | 28 | 177 | 158 | nr | nr | nr | Ahren 2004: AEs occurring in > 5% of pat. in any treat.group | | serious adverse effects | 5 | 4 | 6 | 13 | 4 | 5 | 8 | | | abdominal pain | | | | | | | | Bosi 2007: AEs reported by > 4% of patients in the safety population | | acute coronary syndrome | | | 1 | | | | | | | anxiety | | | | | | | | | | arthralgia | | | | | | | | | | asthenia | | | | | | | | | | back pain | | | 10 | 3 | | | | | | body weight | | | | | | | | | | bronchitis | | | | | | | | | | cardiac arrhythmia | | | | 1 | | | | | | chest pain | | | | | | | | | | cholecystitis | | | | | | | | | | constipation | | | 9 | 3 | | | | | | cough | 3 | 0
| 4 | 10 | | | | | | depression | | | | | | | | | | diarrhea | | | 10 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 10
| | | dizziness | | | 14 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 7
| | | dyspepsia | | | | | | | | | | extremity pain | | | | | 2 | 8 | 6
| | | flatulence | | | | | | | | | | gastroenteritis | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | gastrointestinal adverse events | | | | | 17 | 27 | 33
| | | headache | | | 16 | 14 | 11 | 7 | 6
| | | hypoglycaemic episodes: all | 6 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | hypoglycaemic episodes: severe | | | | | 0 | 0 | 0
| | | increased sweating | | | | | | | | | | influenza | | | | | 6 | 10 | 11
| | | nasopharyngitis | 2 | 6 | 12 | 13 | 20 | 11 | 13
| | | nausea | | | | | 5 | 8 | 9
| | | peripheral oedema | 1 | 0 | 26 | 17 | | | | | | sinusitis | | | | | | | | | | skin ulcer | | | 0 | 2 | | | | | | steatohepatitis | | | | | | | | | | stroke | | | 1 | 1 | | | | | | syncope | | | 0 | 1 | | | | | | transient ischaemic attack | | | 0 | 1 | | | | | | upper respiratory tract infection | | | | | 13 | 14 | 16
| | | urinary tract infection | 1 | 3 | | | | | | | | viral infection | | | | | | | | | | vomiting | | | | | | | | | | weight increase | | | | | | | | | | worsening hypertension | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | infection, total | 3 | 9 | | | 39 | 35 | 40
| | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear sita = sitagliptin, vildagliptin = vildagliptin, pioglitazone= pioglitzazone o.d. = once daily, b.i.d. = twice daily | | | | | | | | |
|
Table 23 Adverse events: vildagliptin
| Characteristic | Dejager 2007 | Dejager 2007 | Dejager 2007 | Dejager 2007 | Fonseca 2007 | Fonseca 2007 | Comments | | treatment | vildagliptin 50 mg o.d. | vildagliptin 50 mg b.i.d. | vildagliptin 100 mg o.d. | placebo | vildagliptin 50 mg b.i.d. + insulin | placebo + insulin | | | randomised population | 163 | 152 | 157 | 160 | 144 | 152
| | | safety population | 162 | 151 | 155 | 157 | 144 | 152
| | | deaths | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1
| 1 | Fonseca 2007: one death = vildagliptin (sepsis as a post-surgical complication of gastric cancer); one death= placebo (coronary artery disease) | | discontinuation: all | 33 | 24 | 23 | 41 | ? | ?
| | | discontinuation due to adverse effects | 3 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 1
| | | any adverse effect | 108 | 94 | 111 | 97 | 117 | 126
| Dejager 2007: any AE calculated; Fonseca 2007: any AE calculated (text) | | serious adverse effects | 8 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 12 | 14
| Dejager 2007: SAEs calculated; Fonseca 2007: SAEs calculated (text) | | | | | | | | | Dejager 2007: dizziness = 4.9-8.6% in all active groups and 5.1% in placebo | | abdominal pain | | | | | | | Dejager 2007: headache = 5-6% in all treatment groups | | anxiety | | | | | | | Dejager 2007: Quote: " The most commonly reportes AEs ( >= 5% in any vildagliptin...were nasopharyngitis (˜8-9%...groups)" | | arthralgia | | | | | | | Dejager 2007: upper respiratory tract infection = 1.9-6.6% in all active groups and 3.8% in placebo | | asthenia | | | | | 24 | 20
| | | back pain | | | | | | | | | body weight | | | | | | | | | bronchitis | | | | | | | | | chest pain | | | | | | | | | cholecystitis | | | | | | | | | constipation | | | | | | | | | coronary artery disease | | | | | | 1 | | | cough | | | | | | | | | depression | | | | | | | | | diarrhea | 4 | 3 | 2 | 5 | | | | | dizziness | | | | | 19 | 23 | | | dyspepsia | | | | | | | | | extremity pain | | | | | | | | | flatulence | | | | | | | | | gastritis | | | | | | 1 | | | gastroenteritis | | | | | | | | | gastrointestinal adverse events | | | | | | | | | headache | | | | | 13 | | | | hypersensitivity (moderate exanthema of forearm) | | | | | 1 | | | | hypoglycaemic episodes: all | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 113 | 185 | | | hypoglycaemic episodes: severe | | | | | 0 | 6 | | | increased sweating | | | | | 24 | 35
| | | influenza | | | | | | | | | muscle spasm | | | | | 1 | | | | nasopharyngitis | | | | | | | | | nausea | 3 | 2 | 6 | 6 | | | | | peripheral oedema | | | | | | | | | sinusitis | | | | | | | | | steatohepatitis | | | | | | | | | tremor | | | | | 26 | 38 | | | upper respiratory tract infection | | | | | | 15 | | | urinary tract infection | | | | | | | | | viral infection | | | | | | | | | vomiting | | | | | | | | | weight increase | | | | | | | | | worsening hypertension | | | | | | | | | infection, total | | | | | | 15 | | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear sita = sitagliptin, vildagliptin = vildagliptin o.d. = once daily, b.i.d. = twice daily | | | | | | | |
|
Table 24 Adverse events: vildagliptin
| Characteristic | Garber 2007 | Garber 2007 | Garber 2007 | Mimori | Comments | | treatment | vildagliptin 50 mg o.d. + pioglitazone 45 mg | vildagliptin 100 mg o.d. + pioglitazone 45 mg | placebo + pioglitazone 45 mg | | | | randomised population | 147 | 158 | 158 | | | | safety population | 146 | 158 | 158 | | | | deaths | ? | ? | ?
| | | | discontinuation: all | 23 | 34 | 30
| | | | discontinuation due to adverse effects | 7 | 5 | 4
| | Garber 2007: discontinuation due to AEs calculated | | any adverse effect | 81 | 79 | 77 | | Garber 2007: AEs by more than 5% of patients in the safety population | | serious adverse effects | 10 | 2 | 9
| | | | abdominal pain | | | | | | | anxiety | | | | | | | arthralgia | 4 | 8 | 2
| | | | asthenia | | | | | | | back pain | | | | | | | body weight | | | | | | | bronchitis | | | | | | | chest pain | | | | | | | cholecystitis | | | | | | | congestive heart failure | 1 | | 1 | | | | constipation | | | | | | | cough | | | | | | | depression | | | | | | | diarrhea | | | | | | | dizziness | 8 | 4 | 5
| | | | dyspepsia | | | | | | | extremity pain | | | | | | | flatulence | | | | | | | gastroenteritis | | | | | | | gastrointestinal adverse events | | | | | | | headache | 9 | 5 | 4
| | | | hypoglycaemic episodes: all | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | | | hypoglycaemic episodes: severe | 0 | 0 | 0
| | | | increased sweating | | | | | | | influenza | | | | | | | nasopharyngitis | | | | | | | nausea | 8 | 2 | 4
| | | | peripheral oedema | 12 | 11 | 4
| | | | sinusitis | | | | | | | steatohepatitis | | | | | | | upper respiratory tract infection | | | | | | | urinary tract infection | 3 | 8 | 2
| | | | viral infection | | | | | | | vomiting | | | | | | | weight increase | 3 | 8 | 3
| | | | worsening hypertension | | | | | | | infection, total | 3 | 8 | 2 | | | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear sita = sitagliptin, vildagliptin = vildagliptin o.d. = once daily, b.i.d. = twice daily | | | | | |
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Table 25 Adverse events: vildagliptin
| Characteristic | Pi-Sunyer 2007 | Pi-Sunyer 2007 | Pi-Sunyer 2007 | Pi-Sunyer 2007 | Pratley 2006 | Pratley 2006 | Comments | | treatment | vildagliptin 50 mg o.d. | vildagliptin 50 mg b.i.d. | vildagliptin 100 mg o.d. | placebo | vildagliptin 25 mg b.i.d. | placebo | | | randomised population | 88 | 83 | 91 | 92 | 72 | 28
| | | safety population | 86 | 83 | 91 | 92 | 70 | 28
| | | deaths | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 0
| | | discontinuation: all | 21 | 61 | 15 | 29 | | | | | discontinuation due to adverse effects | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0
| Pi-Sunyer 2007: discontinuation due AEs calculated | | any adverse effect | 48 | 48 | 54 | 53 | 39 | 20
| | | serious adverse effects | 0 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0
| | | | | | | | | | Pratley 2006: AEs occurring in at least 5% of patients in either group | | abdominal pain | | | | | 3 | 2
| | | anxiety | | | | | 1 | 2
| | | arthralgia | | | | | | | | | asthenia | | | | | 0 | 0
| | | back pain | | | | | | | | | body weight | | | | | | | | | bronchitis | | | | | | | | | chest pain | | | | | 1 | 3
| | | cholecystitis | | | | | | | | | constipation | | | | | | | | | cough | | | | | | | | | depression | | | | | | | | | diarrhea | | | 0 | 2 | | | | | dizziness | | | | | 6 | 0
| | | dyspepsia | | | | | | | | | extremity pain | 4 | 2 | 5 | 8 | | | | | flatulence | | | | | | | | | gastroenteritis | | | | | | | | | gastrointestinal adverse events | | | | | | | | | headache | 8 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 1
| | | hypoglycaemic episodes: all | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | | | | hypoglycaemic episodes: severe | | | | 0 | | | | | hypertension | 1 | 6 | 1 | 2 | | | | | increased sweating | | | | | 4 | 1
| | | influenza | | | | | | | | | nasopharyngitis | 3 | 4 | 12 | 3 | | | | | nausea | | | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1
| | | peripheral oedema | | | | | | | | | sinusitis | | | | | | | | | steatohepatitis | | | | | | | | | upper respiratory tract infection | 5 | 8 | 10 | 9 | | | | | urinary tract infection | | | | | | | | | viral infection | | | | | | | | | vomiting | | | | | | | | | weight increase | | | | | | | | | infection, total | 8 | 12 | 22 | 12 | 0 | 0
| | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear sita = sitagliptin, vildagliptin = vildagliptin o.d. = once daily, b.i.d. = twice daily | | | | | | | |
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Table 26 Adverse events: vildagliptin
| Characteristic | Ristic 2005 | Ristic 2005 | Ristic 2005 | Ristic 2005 | Ristic 2005 | Rosenstock 2007a | Rosenstock 2007a | Comments | | treatment | vildagliptin 25 mg b.i.d. | vildagliptin 25 mg o.d. | vildagliptin 50 mg o.d. | vildagliptin 100 mg o.d. | placebo
vildagliptin 100 mg o.d. | vildagliptin 100 mg o.d. | rosiglitazone 8 mg | | | randomised population | 51 | 54 | 53 | 63 | 58 | 519 | 267
| | | safety population | 51 | 54 | 53 | 62 | 56 | 515 | 267
| | | deaths | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1 | 0
| Rosenstock 2007a: vildagliptin = 1death from post surgical complications | | discontinuation: all | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 73 | 35 | Rosenstock 2007a: discontinuation all calculated | | discontinuation due to adverse effects | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 15 | 9
| | | any adverse effect | 28 | 32 | 31 | 35 | 33 | 316 | 171
| Rosenstock 2007a: AEs occurring in >= 4% in either group | | serious adverse effects | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 15 | 8
| Ristic 2005: SAEs: urosepsis, acute coronary syndrome, appendicitis, thrombosis, chest pain | | | | | | | | | | Rosenstock 2007a: AEs calculated from text | | abdominal pain | | | | | | | | | | anxiety | | | | | | | | | | arthralgia | | | | | | | | | | asthenia | | | | | | | | | | back pain | | | | | | | | | | body weight | | | | | | | | | | bronchitis | | | | | | | | | | chest pain | | | | | | | | | | cholecystitis | | | | | | | | | | constipation | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | | | | | cough | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1
| | | | | depression | | | | | | | | | | diarrhea | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3
| | | | | dizziness | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 31 | 11
| | | dyspepsia | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2
| | | | | extremity pain | | | | | | | | | | flatulence | | | | | | | | | | gastroenteritis | | | | | | | | | | gastrointestinal adverse events | | | | | | | | | | headache | 3 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 26 | 14 | | | hypoglycaemic episodes: all | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1
| | | hypoglycaemic episodes: severe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
| | | increased body weight | | | | | | 4 | 7 | | | increased sweating | | | | | | | | | | influenza | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | | | | | nasopharyngitis | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 35 | 20
| | | nausea | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | | | | | peripheral oedema | 3 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 11 | 11
| | | sinusitis | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | | | | | steatohepatitis | | | | | | | | | | upper respiratory tract infection | | | | | | 23 | | | | urinary tract infection | | | | | | | | | | viral infection | | | | | | | | | | vomiting | | | | | | | | | | weight increase | | | | | | 4 | 7
| | | worsening hypertension | | | | | | | | | | infection, total | 9 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 58 | 20
| | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; ? = unclear sita = sitagliptin, vildagliptin = vildagliptin o.d. = once daily, b.i.d. = twice daily | | | | | | | | |
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Table 27 Adverse events: vildagliptin
| Characteristic | Rosenstock 2007b | Rosenstock 2007b | Rosenstock 2007b | Rosenstock 2007b | Scherbaum 2008 | Scherbaum 2008 | Schweizer 2007 | Schweizer 2007 | Comments | | treatment | vildagliptin 100 mg o.d. | vildagliptin 50 mg o.d. + pioglitazone 15 mg | vildagliptin 100 mg o.d. + pioglitazone 30 mg | pioglitazone 30 mg | vildagliptin 50 mg o.d. | placebo | vildagliptin 100 mg o.d. | metformin 200 mg | | | randomised population | 154 | 144 | 148 | 161 | 156 | 150 | 526 | 254
| | | safety population | 153 | 144 | 148 | 161 | 156 | 150 | 519 | 252
| | | deaths | | | | | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2
| Scherbaum 2008: " One case of sudden death occurred... fracture." | | discontinuation: all | 18 | 29 | 19 | 28 | 23 | 19 | 148 | 63 | Rosenstock 2007b + Scherbaum 2008 + Schweizer 2007: discontinuation all calculated | | discontinuation due to adverse effects | 4 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 14 | 6 | 19 | 16
| | | any adverse effect | 78 | 66 | 75 | 83 | 114 | 109 | 364 | 190
| Rosenstock 2007b: AEs occuring in > 3% of any treat. group; Scherbaum 2008: any adverse event calculated | | serious adverse effects | | | | | 13 | 13 | 35 | 13
| Scherbaum 2008 + Schweizer 2007: serious adverse events calculated | | | | | | | | | | | Rosenstock 2007b: AEs calculated from text / Schweizer 2007: AEs calculated from text | | abdominal pain | | | | | | | 12 | 18
| | | anxiety | | | | | | | | | | | arthralgia | | | | | | | | | | | asthenia | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 | | | | | | | back pain | | | | | 9 | 6 | 27 | 9
| Scherbaum 2008: all values from specific AEs calculated | | body weight | | | | | | | | | | | bronchitis | | | | | 5 | 11 | | | | | chest pain | | | | | | | | | | | cholecystitis | | | | | | | | | | | constipation | | | | | | | 25 | 5
| | | cough | | | | | | | | | | | depression | | | | | | | | | | | diarrhea | | | | | | | 31 | 66
| | | dizziness | 9 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 25 | 15
| | | dyspepsia | | | | | | | 6 | 12
| | | extremity pain | | | | | | | | | | | flatulence | | | | | | | 5 | 10
| | | gastroenteritis | | | | | | | | | | | gastrointestinal adverse events | | | | | | | 113 | 110
| | | headache | 5 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 9 | 6 | 52 | 18
| | | hypoglycaemic episodes: all | 1 | | 1 | | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1
| | | hypoglycaemic episodes: severe | | | | | | | 0 | 0
| | | increased sweating | | | | | | | | | | | influenza | | | | | | | | | | | nasopharyngitis | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 16 | 13 | 50 | 24
| | | nausea | | | | | | | 17 | 26
| | | osteoarthritis | | | | | 8 | 2 | | | | | peripheral oedema | 8 | 5 | 9 | 15 | | | | | | | sinusitis | | | | | | | | | | | steatohepatitis | | | | | | | | | | | upper respiratory tract infection | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | | | 27 | 15
| | | urinary tract infection | | | | | | | | | | | viral infection | | | | | | | | | | | vomiting | | | | | | | 11 | 11
| | | weight increase | 1 | 3 | 11 | 8 | | | | | | | worsening hypertension | | | | | | | | | | | infection, total | 10 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 21 | 24 | 77 | 39
| | Symbols & abbreviations: Y = yes; N = no; = unclear sita = sitagliptin, vildagliptin = vildagliptin o.d. = once daily, b.i.d. = twice daily | | | | | | | | | |
|
Table 28 Beta-cell function & insulin sensitivity: sitagliptin
| study | HOMA beta: n | change from baseline | lower CI | upper CI | HOMA-IR: n | change from baseline | lower CI | upper CI | comments | Aschner 2006: 100 mg o.d. | 218 | 13.2 | 6.7 | 19.7 | | | | | | Aschner 2006: 200 mg o.d. | 228 | 13.1 | 6.8 | 19.5 | | | | | | Aschner 2006: placebo | 235 | 0.3 | -6 | 6.5 | | | | | | Charbonnel 2006: 100 mg o.d. + metformin | 418 | 19.5 | 12.9 | 26.2 | 418 | 0 | -0.6 | 0.6 | | Charbonnel 2006: placebo + metformin | 196 | 3.5 | -4.9 | 11.8 | 196 | 0 | -0.7 | 0.7 | | Goldstein 2007: 100 mg o.d. | 147 | 10.8 | 4.8 | 16.9 | 147 | -0.2 | -0.8 | 0.4 | | Goldstein 2007: 50 mg + metformin 500 mg b.i.d. | 166 | 31 | 25.3 | 36.7 | 166 | -0.8 | -1.4 | -0.2 | | Goldstein 2007: 50 mg + metformin 1000 mg b.i.d. | 160 | 33 | 27.2 | 38.8 | 160 | -2.4 | -2.9 | -1.8 | | Goldstein 2007: metformin 500 mg b.i.d. | 159 | 11.1 | 5.3 | 16.9 | 159 | -0.7 | -1.3 | -0.1 | | Goldstein 2007: metformin 1000 mg b.i.d. | 154 | 14.3 | 8.4 | 20.3 | 154 | -1.3 | -1.9 | -0.7 | | Goldstein 2007: placebo | 139 | 3.7 | -2.5 | 9.9 | 139 | 0.3 | -0.3 | 1 | | Hanefeld 2007: 25 mg o.d. | 104 | 10 | 2.4 | 17.6 | 104 | -0.1 | -1 | 0.8 | | Hanefeld 2007: 50 mg o.d. | 100 | 10.6 | 2.8 | 18.3 | 100 | -0.3 | -1.2 | 0.7 | | Hanefeld 2007: 100 mg o.d. | 97 | 11.1 | 3.2 | 18.9 | 97 | -0.5 | -1.5 | 0.4 | | Hanefeld 2007: 50 mg b.i.d. | 101 | 13.8 | 6.1 | 21.6 | 101 | -0.2 | -1.2 | 0.7 | | Hanefeld 2007: placebo | 95 | -1.4 | -9.3 | 6.6 | 95 | -0.1 | -1.1 | 0.8 | | Hermansen 2007: 100 mg o.d.+ glimepiride +/ - metformin | 186 | 11.3 | 4.4 | 18.1 | | | | | | Hermansen 2007: placebo + glimepiride +/ - metformin | 156 | -0.7 | -8.2 | 6.8 | | | | | | Nauck 2007: 100 mg o.d.+ metformin | 368 | 3.6 | -4.1 | 11.3 | 368 | -0.1 | -0.5 | 0.4 | | Nauck 2007: glipizide + metformin | 387 | 14 | 6.5 | 21.5 | 388 | 0.2 | -0.3 | 0.6 | | Nonaka 2008: 100 mg o.d. | 75 | 9.5 | 6.1 | 12.9 | 75 | -0.15 | -0.42 | 0.13 | | Nonaka 2008: placebo | 74 | -3.1 | -6.5 | 0.3 | 74 | 0.09 | -0.19 | 0.36 | | Raz 2007: 100 mg o.d. | 168 | 12.1 | 6 | 18.3 | | | | | | Raz 2007: 200 mg o.d. | 171 | 13 | 6.9 | 19.2 | | | | | | Raz 2007: placebo | 80 | 1 | -8 | 10 | | | | | | Rosenstock 2006: 100 mg o.d.+ pioglitazone | 133 | 11.5 | 6 | 17 | 133 | -0.1 | -0.6 | 0.4 | | Rosenstock 2006: placebo + pioglitazone | 142 | 5.8 | 0.7 | 10.9 | 142 | 0.2 | -0.3 | 0.6 | | Scott 2007a: 5 mg b.i.d. | 115 | 8.3 | 0.9 | 15.7 | 115 | 0.6 | -0.2 | 1.1 | | Scott 2007a: 12,5 mg b.i.d. | 118 | 8.2 | 0.9 | 15.5 | 118 | 0 | -0.9 | 0.8 | | Scott 2007a: 25 mg b.i.d. | 114 | 6.7 | -0.8 | 14.1 | 114 | -0.2 | -1.1 | 0.6 | | Scott 2007a: 50 mg b.i.d. | 115 | 17.3 | 9.8 | 24.7 | 115 | 0.1 | -0.7 | 1 | | Scott 2007a: glipizide | 105 | 25.4 | 17.7 | 33.2 | 106 | 0.9 | 0 | 1.8 | | Scott 2007a: placebo | 112 | -0.6 | -8.1 | 6.9 | 113 | 0.3 | -0.6 | 1.1 | | Scott 2007b: 100 mg o.d + metformin | 78 | 9.4 | -0.4 | 19.2 | 78 | -0.5 | -1.1 | 0.2 | | Scott 2007b: rosiglitazone 8 mg o.d.+ metformin | 71 | 8.4 | -1.9 | 18.7 | 71 | -2.1 | -2.8 | -1.4 | | Scott 2007b: placebo | 76 | -6.9 | -16.8 | 3 | 76 | 0.3 | -0.4 | 1 | |
|
Table 29 Beta-cell function & insulin sensitivity: vildagliptin
| study | HOMA beta: n | change from baseline | SE | HOMA-IR: n | change from baseline | SE | comments | Ristic 2005: 25 mg b.i.d. | 35 | 16.9 | 8.1 | 35 | -0.78 | 0.59 | | Ristic 2005: 25 mg o.d. | 39 | 2.9 | 6.9 | 39 | -1.11 | 0.49 | | Ristic 2005: 50 mg o.d. | 38 | 6.41 | 7 | 38 | -0.29 | 0.49 | | Ristic 2005: 100 mg o.d. | 41 | 22.54 | 7 | 41 | -0.5 | 0.49 | | Ristic 2005: placebo | 37 | -4.3 | 7.2 | 37 | -0.96 | 0.51 | |
|
Referencias de los estudios incluidos en esta revisión
Ahren 2004{Solo datos publicados}
Ahren B, Gomis R, Standl E, Mills D, Schweizer A. Twelve- and 52-week efficacy of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor LAF237 in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27(12):2874-80.
Aschner 2006{Solo datos publicados}
Aschner P, Kipnes MS, Lunceford JK, Sanchez M, Mickel C, Williams-Herman DE. Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29(12):2632-7.
Bolli 2008{Solo datos publicados}
Bolli G, Dotta F, Rochotte E, Cohen SE. Efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin vs. pioglitazone when added to metformin: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind study. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2008;10(1):82-90. 15.
Bosi 2007{Solo datos publicados}
Bosi E, Camisasca RP, Collober C, Rochotte E, Garber AJ. Effects of vildagliptin on glucose control over 24 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin. Diabetes Care 2007;30(4):890-5.
Charbonnel 2006{Solo datos publicados}
Charbonnel B, Karasik A, Liu J, Wu M, Meininger G. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Diabetes Care 2006;29(12):2638-43.
Dejager 2007{Solo datos publicados}
Dejager S, Razac S, Foley JE, Schweizer A. Vildagliptin in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study. Hormone & Metabolic Research 2007;39(3):218-23.
Fonseca 2007{Solo datos publicados}
Fonseca V, Schweizer A, Albrecht D, Baron MA, Chang I, Dejager S. Addition of vildagliptin to insulin improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2007;50(6):1148-55.
Garber 2007{Solo datos publicados}
Garber AJ, Schweizer A, Baron MA, Rochotte E, Dejager S. Vildagliptin in combination with pioglitazone improves glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes failing thiazolidinedione monotherapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2007;9(2):166-74.
Goldstein 2007{Solo datos publicados}
Goldstein BJ, Feinglos MN, Lunceford JK, Johnson J, Williams-Herman DE. Effect of Initial Combination Therapy with Sitagliptin, a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor, and Metformin on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30(8):1979-87.
Hanefeld 2007{Solo datos publicados}
Hanefeld M, Herman GA, Wu M, Mickel C, Sanchez M. Once-daily sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Current Medical Research & Opinion 2007;23(6):1329-39.
Hermansen 2007{Solo datos publicados}
Hermansen K, Kipnes M, Luo E, Fanurik D, Khatami H, Stein P. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on glimepiride alone or on glimepiride and metformin. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2007;9(5):733-45.
Mimori 2006{Solo datos publicados}
Mimori N, Terao S, Holmes D. Vildagliptin improves glucose control as evidenced by HbA1c after 12 weeks in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2006;55(suppl 1):A125.
Nauck 2007{Solo datos publicados}
Nauck MA, Meininger G, Sheng D, Terranella L, Stein PP. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2007;9(2):194-205.
Nonaka 2008{Solo datos publicados}
Nonaka K, Kakikawa T, Sato A, et al. Twelve-week efficacy and tolerability of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor, in Japanese patients with T2DM. Diabetes 2006;55(suppl 1):A129.
*Nonaka K, Kakikawa T, Sato A, Okuyama K, Fujimoto G, Kato N, et al. Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2008;79(2):291-8. 6.
Pi-Sunyer 2007{Solo datos publicados}
Pi-Sunyer FX, Schweizer A, Mills D, Dejager S. Efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin monotherapy in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research & Clinical Practice 2007;76(1):132-8.
Pratley 2006{Solo datos publicados}
Pratley RE, Jauffret-Kamel S, Galbreath E, Holmes D. Twelve-week monotherapy with the DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin improves glycemic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Hormone & Metabolic Research 2006;38(6):423-8.
Raz 2006{Solo datos publicados}
Raz I, Hanefeld M, Xu L, Caria C, Williams-Herman D, Khatami H. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2006;49(11):2564-71.
Ristic 2005{Solo datos publicados}
Ristic S, Byiers S, Foley J, Holmes D. Improved glycaemic control with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition in patients with type 2 diabetes: vildagliptin (LAF237) dose response. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2005;7(6):692-8.
Rosenstock 2006{Solo datos publicados}
Rosenstock J, Brazg R, Andryuk PJ, Lu K, Stein P. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing pioglitazone therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clinical Therapeutics 2006;28(10):1556-68.
Rosenstock 2007a{Solo datos publicados}
Rosenstock J, Baron MA, Dejager S, Mills D, Schweizer A. Comparison of vildagliptin and rosiglitazone monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, double-blind, randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2007;30(2):217-23.
Rosenstock 2007b{Solo datos publicados}
Rosenstock J, Baron MA, Camisasca RP, Cressier F, Couturier A, Dejager S. Efficacy and tolerability of initial combination therapy with vildagliptin and pioglitazone compared with component monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2007;9(2):175-85.
Scherbaum 2008{Solo datos publicados}
Mari A, Scherbaum WA, Nilsson PM, Lalanne G, Schweizer A, Dunning BE, et al. Characterization of the influence of vildagliptin on model-assessed -cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes and mild hyperglycemia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2008;93(1):103-9. 18.
*Scherbaum WA, Schweizer A, Mari A, Nilsson PM, Lalanne G, Jauffret S, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes and mild hyperglycaemia. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2008;epub (ahead of time). 5.
Schweizer 2007{Solo datos publicados}
Schweizer A, Couturier A, Foley JE, Dejager S. Comparison between vildagliptin and metformin to sustain reductions in HbA(1c) over 1 year in drug-naive patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 2007;24(9):955-61.
Scott 2007a{Solo datos publicados}
Scott R, Wu M, Sanchez M, Stein P. Efficacy and tolerability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy over 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2007;61(1):171-80.
Scott 2007b{Solo datos publicados}
Scott R, Loeys T, Davies MJ, Engel SS. Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin when added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2007;Epub ahead of print.
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* El asterisco señala los documentos más importantes para este estudio
Para visualizar un gráfico o una tabla, haga clic en la medida de resultado que aparece en la tabla de abajo.Para visualizar los gráficos mediante el Metaview, haga clic en "Visualizar Metaview" en el encabezado del gráfico. | Titulo | Inhibidores de la dipeptidil peptidasa-4 (DPP-4) para la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 | | Autor(es) | Richter B, Bandeira-Echtler E, Bergerhoff K, Lerch CL | | Contribución de los autores |
BERND RICHTER: Desarrollo del protocolo, selección de estudios, evaluación de la calidad, extracción de los datos, análisis de los datos, desarrollo de la revisión. ELIZABETH BANDEIRA-ECHTLER: Desarrollo del protocolo, selección de estudios, evaluación de la calidad, extracción de los datos. KARLA BERGERHOFF: Búsqueda de los ensayos, evaluación de la calidad, extracción de los datos. CHRISTIAN LERCH: Desarrollo del protocolo, selección de estudios, evaluación de la calidad, extracción de los datos. | | Número de protocolo publicado inicialmente | 2007/3 | | Número de revisión publicada inicialmente | 2008/2 | | Fecha de la modificación más reciente | 20 febrero 2008 | | Fecha de la modificación SIGNIFICATIVA más reciente | 20 febrero 2008 | | Cambios más recientes | El autor no facilitó la información | | Fecha de búsqueda de nuevos estudios no localizados | El autor no facilitó la información | | Fecha de localización de nuevos estudios aún no incluidos/excluidos | El autor no facilitó la información | | Fecha de localización de nuevos estudios incluidos/excluidos | El autor no facilitó la información | | Fecha de modificación de la sección conclusiones de los autores | El autor no facilitó la información | | Dirección de contacto | A/Prof Bernd Richter Coordinating Editor 'Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Cochrane Review Group' Department of General Practice Universitaetsklinikum Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Moorenstr. 5
Duesseldorf 40225 GERMANY | | Número de la Cochrane Library | CD006739 | | Grupo editorial | Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group | | Código del grupo editorial | HM-ENDOC |
|
Recursos externos
- No sources of support supplied
Recursos internos
- No sources of support supplied
Traducción realizada por el Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano.
Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.