20 mcg versus >20 mcg Estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception

A

Abdominal decompression for suspected fetal compromise/pre-eclampsia
Abdominal decompression in normal pregnancy
Absorbable staples for uterine incision at caesarean section (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Absorbable synthetic versus catgut suture material for perineal repair
Absorbent products for containing urinary and/or faecal incontinence in adults
Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Acetaminophen for osteoarthritis
Acetyl-l-carnitine for dementia
Aciclovir or valaciclovir for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis)
Acid reflux treatment for hoarseness
Action plans for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Active chest compression-decompression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Active placebos versus antidepressants for depression
Active versus expectant management in the third stage of labour
Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain
Acupuncture and electroacupuncture for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Acupuncture and related interventions for smoking cessation
Acupuncture for acute stroke
Acupuncture for Bell's palsy
Acupuncture for chronic asthma
Acupuncture for depression
Acupuncture for epilepsy
Acupuncture for idiopathic headache
Acupuncture for induction of labour
Acupuncture for lateral elbow pain
Acupuncture for neck disorders
Acupuncture for schizophrenia
Acupuncture for shoulder pain
Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation
Acupuncture-point stimulation for chemotherapy-induced nausea or vomiting
Acyclovir for treating varicella in otherwise healthy children and adolescents
Ad libitum or demand/semi-demand feeding versus scheduled interval feeding for preterm infants
Adalimumab for treating rheumatoid arthritis
Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma
Addition of drug/s to a chemotherapy regimen for metastatic breast cancer
Addition of inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids as first line therapy for persistent asthma in steroid-naive adults
Addition of intravenous aminophylline to beta2-agonists in adults with acute asthma
Additional anti-Gram-positive antibiotic treatment for febrile neutropenic cancer patients
Additional bedtime H2-receptor antagonist for the control of nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough
Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea in children
Adhesives for fixed orthodontic bands
Adhesives for fixed orthodontic brackets
Adjunctive corticosteroids for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with HIV-infection
Adjustable versus non-adjustable sutures for strabismus
Adjuvant antiviral therapy for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Adjuvant chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer (individual patient data)
Adjuvant chemotherapy for localised resectable soft tissue sarcoma in adults
Adrenaline for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with cardiovascular compromise
Adrenergic drugs for urinary incontinence in adults
Advanced trauma life support training for ambulance crews
Advanced trauma life support training for hospital staff
Advice on low-fat diets for obesity
Advice to reduce dietary salt for prevention of cardiovascular disease
Advice to stay active as a single treatment for low-back pain and sciatica (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Advising patients to increase fluid intake for treating acute respiratory infections
Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy
Aerobic exercise interventions for adults living with HIV/AIDS
Aerobic exercise training programmes for improving physical and psychosocial health in adults with Down syndrome
Aerosolized diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease
Air versus oxygen for resuscitation of infants at birth
Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children
Albendazole for lymphatic filariasis
Albumin infusion for low serum albumin in preterm newborn infants
Alcohol ignition interlock programmes for reducing drink driving recidivism
Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programmes for alcohol dependence
Aldose reductase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Alexander technique for chronic asthma
Alkalinisation for organophosphorus pesticide poisoning
Allergen immunotherapy for asthma
Allopurinol for chronic prostatitis
Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (a1PI) for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants
Alpha-fetoprotein and/or liver ultrasonography for liver cancer screening in patients with chronic hepatitis B
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Alpha lipoic acid for dementia
Alpha2 adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal
Altered dietary salt for preventing pre-eclampsia, and its complications
Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in adults
Amantadine for dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease
Amantadine for fatigue in multiple sclerosis
Amantadine in Parkinson's disease
Ambulatory oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Ambulatory versus conventional methods for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy
Amino acids for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / motor neuron disease
Aminopyridines for symptomatic treatment in multiple sclerosis
Aminosteroids for acute traumatic brain injury
Amisulpride for schizophrenia
Amitriptyline versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression
Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis
Amnioinfusion for meconium-stained liquor in labour
Amnioinfusion for potential or suspected umbilical cord compression in labour
Amnioinfusion for preterm rupture of membranes
Amniotomy alone for induction of labour
Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Amniotomy plus intravenous oxytocin for induction of labour
Amodiaquine for treating malaria
Amphetamines for improving recovery after stroke
Amphetamines for schizophrenia
Amphotericin B lipid soluble formulations versus amphotericin B in cancer patients with neutropenia
Amphotericin B versus fluconazole for controlling fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients
Anabolic-androgenic steroids for alcoholic liver disease
Anabolic steroids for the treatment of weight loss in HIV-infected individuals
Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults
Anaesthesia for treating distal radial fracture in adults
Analgesia and non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis of the hip (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Androgens versus placebo or no treatment for idiopathic oligo/asthenospermia (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Angioplasty for intracranial artery stenosis
Angioplasty (versus non surgical management) for intermittent claudication
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in normotensive diabetic patients with microalbuminuria (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth
Antenatal day care units versus hospital admission for women with complicated pregnancy
Antenatal education for self-diagnosis of the onset of active labour at term
Antenatal interventions for fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma
Anterior vaginal repair for urinary incontinence in women
Anthelmintic drugs for treating worms in children: effects on growth and cognitive performance
Anti-D administration after childbirth for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation
Anti-D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation
Anti-epileptic drugs for preventing seizures following acute traumatic brain injury
Anti-fibrinolytic use for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion
Anti-histamines for prolonged non-specific cough in children
Anti-IgE for chronic asthma in adults and children
Anti-inflammatory treatment for carditis in acute rheumatic fever
Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children
Anti-spasticity agents for multiple sclerosis
Anti-tuberculous therapy for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease
Antiangiogenic therapy with interferon alfa for neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Antibiotic duration for treating uncomplicated, symptomatic lower urinary tract infections in elderly women
Antibiotic policies for short-term catheter bladder drainage in adults
Antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial infections in afebrile neutropenic patients following chemotherapy
Antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section
Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding
Antibiotic prophylaxis for fourth-degree perineal tear during vaginal birth
Antibiotic prophylaxis for hernia repair
Antibiotic prophylaxis for intrauterine contraceptive device insertion
Antibiotic prophylaxis for mammalian bites
Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery
Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures
Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery for proximal femoral and other closed long bone fractures
Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical introduction of intracranial ventricular shunts
Antibiotic prophylaxis in clean and clean-contaminated ear surgery
Antibiotic prophylaxis regimens and drugs for cesarean section
Antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving intensive care
Antibiotic regimens for endometritis after delivery
Antibiotic regimens for management of intraamniotic infection
Antibiotic regimens for secondary peritonitis of gastrointestinal origin in adults
Antibiotic regimens for suspected early neonatal sepsis
Antibiotic regimens for suspected late onset sepsis in newborn infants
Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis
Antibiotic therapy for prophylaxis against infection of pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis
Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults
Antibiotic treatment for travellers' diarrhoea
Antibiotic use for irreversible pulpitis
Antibiotics / anti-inflammatories for reducing acute inflammatory episodes in lymphoedema of the limbs
Antibiotics for acute asthma
Antibiotics for acute bronchitis
Antibiotics for acute laryngitis in adults
Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis
Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children
Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children
Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy
Antibiotics for community acquired lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) secondary to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children
Antibiotics for community acquired pneumonia in adult outpatients
Antibiotics for community acquired pneumonia in children
Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Antibiotics for gonorrhoea in pregnancy
Antibiotics for incomplete abortion
Antibiotics for leptospirosis
Antibiotics for persistent nasal discharge (rhinosinusitis) in children
Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term
Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes
Antibiotics for preventing infection in open limb fractures
Antibiotics for preventing leptospirosis
Antibiotics for preventing meningococcal infections
Antibiotics for preventing pneumonia in children with measles (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in non-pregnant women
Antibiotics for prolonged moist cough in children
Antibiotics for sore throat
Antibiotics for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics
Antibiotics for syphilis diagnosed during pregnancy
Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis
Antibiotics for trachoma
Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy
Antibiotics for treating community acquired pneumonia in people with sickle cell disease
Antibiotics for treating salmonella gut infections
Antibiotics for treating scrub typhus
Antibiotics for ureaplasma in the vagina in pregnancy
Antibiotics for whooping cough (pertussis)
Antibiotics to prevent complications following dental implant treatment
Antibiotics versus control for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis
Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis
Antibiotics versus placebo for prevention of postoperative infection after appendicectomy
Anticholinergic agents for chronic asthma in adults
Anticholinergic bronchodilators versus beta2-sympathomimetic agents for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Anticholinergic drugs for wheeze in children under the age of two years
Anticholinergic drugs versus placebo for overactive bladder syndrome in adults
Anticholinergic medication for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia
Anticholinergic therapy for bronchiectasis
Anticholinergic therapy for chronic asthma in children over two years of age
Anticholinergics for neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia
Anticholinergics for prolonged non-specific cough in children
Anticholinergics for symptomatic management of Parkinson´s disease
Anticoagulant and aspirin prophylaxis for preventing thromboembolism after major gynaecological surgery (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Anticoagulants for acute ischaemic stroke
Anticoagulants for preventing recurrence following presumed non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack
Anticoagulants for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack
Anticoagulants for the treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss in women without antiphospholipid syndrome
Anticoagulants (heparin, low molecular weight heparin and oral anticoagulants) for intermittent claudication
Anticoagulants or antiplatelet therapy for non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation and flutter (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Anticoagulants versus antiplatelet agents for acute ischaemic stroke
Anticoagulants versus antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack
Anticoagulants versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatories or placebo for treatment of venous thromboembolism
Anticoagulation for cerebral sinus thrombosis
Anticoagulation for heart failure in sinus rhythm
Anticonvulsant drugs for acute and chronic pain
Anticonvulsant drugs for migraine prophylaxis
Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus
Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal
Anticonvulsants for neonates with seizures
Anticonvulsants for preventing mortality and morbidity in full term newborns with perinatal asphyxia
Anticonvulsants for preventing seizures in patients with chronic subdural haematoma
Antidepressant drugs for narcolepsy
Antidepressant prevention of postnatal depression
Antidepressant treatment for post-natal depression
Antidepressants for anorexia nervosa
Antidepressants for cocaine dependence
Antidepressants for depressed elderly
Antidepressants for depression in medical illness (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder
Antidepressants for neuropathic pain
Antidepressants for people with both schizophrenia and depression
Antidepressants for smoking cessation
Antidepressants for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Antidepressants for treating depression in dementia
Antidepressants plus benzodiazepines for major depression
Antidepressants versus placebo for people with bulimia nervosa
Antidepressants versus placebo for the depressed elderly
Antidepressants versus psychological treatments and their combination for bulimia nervosa
Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents
Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after intracranial venous thrombosis
Antifibrinolytic drugs for acute traumatic injury
Antifibrinolytic therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage
Antifibrinolytics for heavy menstrual bleeding
Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non-neutropenic critically ill patients
Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients
Antifungal interventions for the primary prevention of cryptococcal disease in adults with HIV
Antifungal therapies for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in people with cystic fibrosis
Antihistamines for the common cold
Antihistamines versus aspirin for itching in late pregnancy
Antihypertensive agents for preventing diabetic kidney disease
Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy
Antihypertensive therapy for preventing cardiovascular complications in people with diabetes mellitus (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Antimalarials for treating rheumatoid arthritis
Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients
Antimicrobial drugs for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization
Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers
Antioxidant treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / motor neuron disease
Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration
Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration
Antioxidants for preventing pre-eclampsia
Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for hypertension
Antiplatelet agents for preventing and treating pre-eclampsia
Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications
Antiplatelet agents for preventing thrombosis after peripheral arterial bypass surgery
Antiplatelet agents versus control or anticoagulation for heart failure in sinus rhythm
Antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs for prevention of restenosis/reocclusion following peripheral endovascular treatment
Antiplatelet and anticoagulation for patients with prosthetic heart valves
Antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke
Antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke and other vascular events after carotid endarterectomy
Antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no previous history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks
Antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Antipsychotic drug treatment for elderly people with late-onset schizophrenia
Antipsychotic drugs for non-affective psychosis during pregnancy and postpartum
Antipsychotic medication for challenging behaviour in people with learning disability
Antipsychotic medication for elderly people with schizophrenia
Antipsychotic medication versus placebo for people with both schizophrenia and learning disability
Antipyretic measures for treating fever in malaria
Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection
Antistreptococcal interventions for guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis
Antithrombotic agents for preventing thrombosis after infrainguinal arterial bypass surgery
Antithrombotic drugs for carotid artery dissection
Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves' hyperthyroidism
Antitumour antibiotic containing regimens for metastatic breast cancer
Antiviral medications for preventing cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients
Antivirals for the common cold (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Anxiolytics for smoking cessation
Aqueous shunts for glaucoma
Area-wide traffic calming for preventing traffic related injuries
Arginine supplementation for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants
Argon plasma coagulation therapy for acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Aripiprazole for schizophrenia
Aroma therapy for dementia
Aromatherapy and massage for symptom relief in patients with cancer
Art therapy for schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses
Artemether-lumefantrine for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Artemether-lumefantrine (four-dose regimen) for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria
Artemether-lumefantrine (six-dose regimen) for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria
Artemisinin derivatives for treating severe malaria
Artemisinin derivatives for treating uncomplicated malaria
Artesunate plus mefloquine versus mefloquine for treating uncomplicated malaria
Arthroplasties (with and without bone cement) for proximal femoral fractures in adults
Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia
Artificial and bioartificial support systems for liver failure
'As required' medication regimens for seriously mentally ill people in hospital
Aspirin for vascular dementia
Assertive community treatment for people with severe mental disorders
Assisted hatching on assisted conception (IVF & ICSI)
Atovaquone-proguanil for treating uncomplicated malaria
Atypical antipsychotics for aggression and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease
Audio recordings of consultations with doctors for parents of critically sick babies
Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes
Audit and feedback versus alternative strategies: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Auditory integration training and other sound therapies for autism spectrum disorders
Auranofin versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis
Auricular acupuncture for cocaine dependence
Autologous cartilage implantation for full thickness articular cartilage defects of the knee
Aversive smoking for smoking cessation
Azapirones for generalized anxiety disorder
Azathioprine as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent for asthma
Azathioprine for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease
Azathioprine for treating rheumatoid arthritis
Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease
Azithromycin for acute lower respiratory tract infections
Azoles for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis associated with asthma

B

Back schools for non-specific low-back pain
Balloon angioplasty versus medical therapy for hypertensive patients with renal artery obstruction
Balneotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis
Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury
Barrier agents for preventing adhesions after surgery for subfertility
Base administration or fluid bolus for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with metabolic acidosis
Beclomethasone at different doses for chronic asthma
Beclomethasone for asthma in children: effects on linear growth
Beclomethasone versus budesonide for chronic asthma
Beclomethasone versus placebo for chronic asthma
Bed rest during pregnancy for preventing miscarriage
Bed rest for acute low-back pain and sciatica
Bed rest in hospital for suspected impaired fetal growth
Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth
Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy
Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural interventions for outwardly-directed aggressive behaviour in people with learning disabilities
Behavioural and cognitive interventions with or without other treatments for the management of faecal incontinence in children
Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain
Benperidol for schizophrenia
Benzo-pyrones for reducing and controlling lymphoedema of the limbs
Benzodiazepine receptor antagonists for hepatic encephalopathy
Benzodiazepines alone or in combination with antipsychotic drugs for acute psychosis
Benzodiazepines and related drugs for insomnia in palliative care
Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal
Benzodiazepines for neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia
Benzodiazepines for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia
Beta-blocker supplementation of standard drug treatment for schizophrenia
Beta-blocker therapy for tremor in Parkinson's disease
Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis
Beta-lactam versus beta-lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy in cancer patients with neutropenia
Beta-sitosterols for benign prostatic hyperplasia
Beta2-agonists for acute bronchitis
Betahistine for Ménière's disease or syndrome
Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour
Betamimetics for suspected impaired fetal growth
Bile acids for liver-transplanted patients
Bile acids for primary sclerosing cholangitis
Bile acids for viral hepatitis
Biochemical tests of placental function for assessment in pregnancy
Biocompatible hemodialysis membranes for acute renal failure
Biofeedback and/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults
Biomedical risk assessment as an aid for smoking cessation
Biophysical profile for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies
Biopsy versus resection for malignant glioma
Biopsychosocial rehabilitation for upper limb repetitive strain injuries in working age adults
Bioresorbable fixation devices for musculoskeletal injuries in adults
Biphasic versus monophasic oral contraceptives for contraception
Biphasic versus triphasic oral contraceptives for contraception
Bisphosphonates for breast cancer
Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis in people with cystic fibrosis
Bisphosphonates for steroid induced osteoporosis
Bisphosphonates for the relief of pain secondary to bone metastases
Bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma
Bladder neck needle suspension for urinary incontinence in women
Bladder training for urinary incontinence in adults
Blood pressure lowering in patients without prior cerebrovascular disease for prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia
Blood transfusion for preventing stroke in people with sickle cell disease
Blood transfusion for treating malarial anaemia
Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral palsy
Botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of spasmodic dysphonia
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in cerebral palsy
Botulinum toxin type A therapy for blepharospasm
Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia
Botulinum toxin type A therapy for hemifacial spasm
Botulinum toxin type A versus anticholinergics for cervical dystonia
Botulinum toxin type A versus botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia
Botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia
Braces and orthoses for treating osteoarthritis of the knee
Branched-chain amino acids for hepatic encephalopathy
Breast stimulation for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates
Breathing exercises for asthma
Bright light therapy for sleep problems in adults aged 60+
Bromocriptine for idiopathic oligo/asthenospermia (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Bromocriptine for levodopa-induced motor complications in Parkinson's disease
Bromocriptine for unexplained subfertility in women (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Bromocriptine versus levodopa in early Parkinson's disease
Bromocriptine/levodopa combined versus levodopa alone for early Parkinson's disease
Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis
Bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants
Bronchopulmonary hygiene physical therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis
Buccal or sublingual misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Budesonide at different doses for chronic asthma
Budesonide for induction of remission in Crohn's disease
Budesonide for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease
Budesonide versus placebo for chronic asthma in children and adults
Buflomedil for intermittent claudication
Bulking agents, antispasmodic and antidepressant medication for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
Buprenorphine for the management of opioid withdrawal
Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence
Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischaemia

C

Cabergoline for levodopa-induced complications in Parkinson's disease
Cabergoline versus bromocriptine for levodopa-induced complications in Parkinson's disease
Caesarean delivery for the second twin
Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term
Caffeine for asthma
Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants
Calcitonin for metastatic bone pain
Calcitonin for preventing and treating corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis
Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants
Calcium and vitamin D for corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis
Calcium antagonists as an add-on therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy
Calcium antagonists for acute ischemic stroke
Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage
Calcium channel blockers for acute traumatic brain injury
Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour
Calcium channel blockers for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia
Calcium channel blockers for potential impaired fetal growth
Calcium channel blockers for preventing acute tubular necrosis in kidney transplant recipients
Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems
Calcium supplementation for improving bone mineral density in children
Calcium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults
Calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Calorie and protein-enriched formula versus standard term formula for improving growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants following hospital discharge
Calorie controlled diet for chronic asthma
Capitation, salary, fee-for-service and mixed systems of payment: effects on the behaviour of primary care physicians
Capsaicin for allergic rhinitis in adults
Carbamazepine for acute and chronic pain
Carbamazepine for cocaine dependence
Carbamazepine for schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychoses
Carbamazepine versus phenobarbitone monotherapy for epilepsy
Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy
Carbamazepine versus valproate monotherapy for epilepsy
Carbohydrate supplementation of human milk to promote growth in preterm infants
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for hypercapnic ventilatory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cardioprotective interventions for cancer patients receiving anthracyclines
Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cardioselective beta-blockers for reversible airway disease
Cardiotocography for antepartum fetal assessment
Care home versus hospital and own home environments for rehabilitation of older people
Caregiver support for postpartum depression (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Caregiver support for women during childbirth (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Carnitine supplementation for preterm infants with recurrent apnea
Carnitine supplementation of parenterally fed neonates
Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis
Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis
Case management for people with severe mental disorders
Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour
Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors for levodopa-induced complications in Parkinson's disease
Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors versus active comparators for levodopa-induced complications in Parkinson's disease
Catheter policies for management of long term voiding problems in adults with neurogenic bladder disorders
Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients
Caudal epidural block versus other methods of postoperative pain relief for circumcision in boys
Celecoxib for rheumatoid arthritis
Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion
Cellulose, modified cellulose and synthetic membranes in the haemodialysis of patients with end-stage renal disease
Central action beta-blockers versus placebo for neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia
Cephalic version by moxibustion for breech presentation
Cephalic version by postural management for breech presentation
Ceramic inlays for restoring posterior teeth
Cerebrospinal fluid drainage for thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery
Cernilton for benign prostatic hyperplasia
Cervical cap versus diaphragm for contraception
Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing pregnancy loss in women
Chelation therapy for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Chemoprophylaxis and intermittent treatment for preventing malaria in children
Chemotherapy alone versus endocrine therapy alone for metastatic breast cancer
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy for inoperable advanced pancreatic cancer
Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer
Chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer
Chemotherapy for advanced, recurrent or metastatic endometrial carcinoma
Chemotherapy for high-grade glioma
Chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer
Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and combined modality for Hodgkin's disease, with emphasis on second cancer risk
Chemotherapy versus best supportive care for extensive small cell lung cancer
Chest physiotherapy compared to no chest physiotherapy for cystic fibrosis
Chest physiotherapy for acute bronchiolitis in paediatric patients between 0 and 24 months old
Chest physiotherapy for preventing morbidity in babies being extubated from mechanical ventilation
Chest radiograph in acute respiratory infections in children
Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema
Chinese herbal medicine for schizophrenia
Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of pre-eclampsia
Chinese herbal medicines for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Chinese herbs combined with Western medicine for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Chinese medical herbs for chemotherapy side effects in colorectal cancer patients
Chinese medicinal herbs for acute bronchitis
Chinese medicinal herbs for acute pancreatitis
Chinese medicinal herbs for asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B virus infection
Chinese medicinal herbs for chronic hepatitis B
Chinese medicinal herbs for influenza
Chinese medicinal herbs for measles
Chitosan for overweight or obesity
Chloroquine as a steroid sparing agent for asthma
Chloroquine or amodiaquine combined with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treating uncomplicated malaria
Chlorproguanil-dapsone for treating uncomplicated malaria
Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia
Cholinergic medication for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia
Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease
Cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia with Lewy bodies
Cholinesterase inhibitors for Parkinson's disease dementia
Chorion villus sampling versus amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease
Circulatory volume expansion therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage
Cisapride treatment for gastro-oesophageal reflux in children
Cleavage stage versus blastocyst stage embryo transfer in assisted conception
Clinical decision support systems for neonatal care
Clinical service organisation for heart failure
Clioquinol for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction in women with oligo-amenorrhoea (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Clomiphene citrate for unexplained subfertility in women
Clomiphene or tamoxifen for idiopathic oligo/asthenospermia (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Clonidine for smoking cessation
Closed reduction methods for treating distal radial fractures in adults
Closed suction surgical wound drainage after orthopaedic surgery
Closure versus non-closure of the peritoneum at caesarean section
Clotiapine for acute psychotic illnesses
Clotting factor concentrates given to prevent bleeding and bleeding-related complications in people with hemophilia A or B
Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia
Co-ordinated multidisciplinary approaches for inpatient rehabilitation of older patients with proximal femoral fractures
Coasting (withholding gonadotrophins) for preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome in adults
Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural interventions for sleep problems in adults aged 60+
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
Cognitive-behavioural training interventions for assisting foster carers in the management of difficult behaviour
Cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive training for early-stage Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke
Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits following stroke
Cognitive rehabilitation for people with schizophrenia and related conditions
Cognitive rehabilitation for spatial neglect following stroke
Colchicine as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent for asthma
Colchicine for alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver fibrosis and cirrhosis
Colchicine for primary biliary cirrhosis
Collection devices for obtaining cervical cytology samples
Colloid solutions for fluid resuscitation
Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients
Colony stimulating factors for chemotherapy induced febrile neutropenia
Colony stimulating factors for prevention of myelosupressive therapy induced febrile neutropenia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Colony stimulating factors (including erythropoietin, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and analogues) for stroke
Combination chemotherapy for high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumour
Combination contraceptives: effects on weight
Combination injectable contraceptives for contraception
Combination of inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists and inhaled steroids versus higher dose of inhaled steroids in children and adults with persistent asthma
Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents
Combined calcium, magnesium and potassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults
Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy (without surgery) compared with radiotherapy alone in localized carcinoma of the esophagus
Combined corticosteroid and longacting beta-agonist in one inhaler for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Combined hormonal versus nonhormonal versus progestin-only contraception in lactation
Combined inhaled anticholinergics and beta2-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children
Combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP) as treatment for primary dysmenorrhoea
Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne
Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural analgesia in labour
Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder
Commercial hospital discharge packs for breastfeeding women (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Common antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy in women with epilepsy
Communication skills training for health care professionals working with cancer patients, their families and/or carers
Community animal health services for improving household wealth and health status of low income farmers
Community-based interventions for the prevention of burns and scalds in children
Community-based supplementary feeding for promoting the growth of young children in developing countries
Community interventions for preventing smoking in young people
Community interventions for reducing smoking among adults
Community mental health teams (CMHTs) for people with severe mental illnesses and disordered personality
Community pharmacy personnel interventions for smoking cessation
Community screening for visual impairment in the elderly
Comparative efficacy of epidural, subarachnoid, and intracerebroventricular opioids in patients with pain due to cancer
Competitions and incentives for smoking cessation
Complementary and alternative therapies for pain management in labour
Complementary and miscellaneous interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children
Complete or ultraconservative removal of decayed tissue in unfilled teeth
Complex behavioural and educational interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children
Compliance therapy for schizophrenia
Compression for preventing recurrence of venous ulcers
Compression for venous leg ulcers
Compression stockings for preventing deep vein thrombosis in airline passengers
Compression therapy for treating stage I and II (Widmer) post-thrombotic syndrome
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders
Computerised advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice
Concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer of the uterine cervix
Concomitant hydroxyurea plus radiotherapy versus radiotherapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission
Condylocephalic nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures
Conjugate vaccines for preventing Haemophilus influenzae type b infections
Conjugate vaccines for preventing meningococcal C meningitis and septicaemia
Conscious sedation and analgesia for oocyte retrieval during in vitro fertilisation procedures
Conservative interventions for treating distal radial fractures in adults
Conservative management following closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder
Conservative management for postprostatectomy urinary incontinence
Conservative management of pelvic organ prolapse in women
Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium
Conservative treatment for closed fifth (small finger) metacarpal neck fractures
Conservative treatments for whiplash
Conservative versus operative treatment for hip fractures in adults
Containment strategies for people with serious mental illness
Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes
Continuity of caregivers for care during pregnancy and childbirth
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) versus hospital or home haemodialysis for end-stage renal disease in adults
Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour
Continuous distending pressure for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
Continuous electronic heart rate monitoring for fetal assessment during labor (This review has been withdrawn by the editorial group. Abstract not available)
Continuous heparin infusion to prevent thrombosis and catheter occlusion in neonates with peripherally placed percutaneous central venous catheters
Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics in congestive heart failure
Continuous infusion versus intermittent flushing to prevent loss of function of peripheral intravenous catheters used for drug administration in newborn infants
Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for premature infants less than 1500 grams
Continuous negative extrathoracic pressure or continuous positive airway pressure for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in children
Continuous or extended cycle versus cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception
Continuous passive motion following total knee arthroplasty
Continuous positive airway pressure versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants
Continuous positive airways pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults
Continuous support for women during childbirth
Continuous versus intermittent beta-agonists for acute asthma
Continuous versus interrupted sutures for perineal repair
Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis
Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
Cooling therapy for acute stroke
Copper containing, framed intra-uterine devices for contraception
Corticosteroid injections for shoulder pain
Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children
Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis
Corticosteroids for acute ischaemic stroke
Corticosteroids for acute severe asthma in hospitalised patients
Corticosteroids for acute traumatic brain injury
Corticosteroids for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and primary intracerebral haemorrhage
Corticosteroids for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis)
Corticosteroids for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Corticosteroids for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
Corticosteroids for Guillain-Barré syndrome
Corticosteroids for HELLP syndrome in pregnancy
Corticosteroids for hospitalised children with acute asthma
Corticosteroids for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Corticosteroids for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease
Corticosteroids for myasthenia gravis
Corticosteroids for preventing relapse following acute exacerbations of asthma
Corticosteroids for pulmonary sarcoidosis
Corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of post-extubation stridor in neonates, children and adults
Corticosteroids for the resolution of malignant bowel obstruction in advanced gynaecological and gastrointestinal cancer
Corticosteroids for treating dengue shock syndrome
Corticosteroids for treating severe sepsis and septic shock
Corticosteroids or ACTH for acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis
Cot-nursing versus incubator care for preterm infants
Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in adults with HIV
Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in children with HIV infection
Cow's milk protein avoidance and development of childhood wheeze in children with a family history of atopy
Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections
Cranberries for treating urinary tract infections
Cranial irradiation for preventing brain metastases of small cell lung cancer in patients in complete remission
Creams for preventing stretch marks in pregnancy
Crisis intervention for people with severe mental illnesses
Critical incident audit and feedback to improve perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity
Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants
Cromones for prolonged non-specific cough in children